अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति
अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति वा संयुक्त राज्यको राष्ट्रपति (पिओटियुएस)[upper-alpha १] संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रप्रमुख र सरकार प्रमुख हुन्छन्। अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति सङ्घीय सरकारको कार्यकारी शाखा र संयुक्त राज्य सैन्य बलको प्रमुख सैन्य अधिकारी हुन्छन्।
| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति | |
|---|---|
 राष्ट्रपतीय प्रतीक | |
 राष्ट्रपतीय झण्डा | |
| सम्बोधन | |
| स्थिति | |
| संक्षिप्त नाम | पिओटियुएस |
| सदस्य | |
| निवास | ह्वाइट हाउस |
| आसन | वासिङ्टन, डी.सी. |
| मनोनयनकर्ता | राजनीतिक दलहरू वा स्व-नामाङ्कन |
| नियुक्तिकर्ता | निर्वाचक मण्डल |
| अवधि | चार वर्ष, एकपटक नवीकरण |
| गठन साधन | अमेरिकाको संविधान |
| गठन | जुन २१, १७८८[७][८] |
| प्रथम धारक | जर्ज वासिङ्टन[९] |
| तलब | $४,००,००० वार्षिक |
| वेबसाइट | www |
राष्ट्रपति पदको निर्माण भएपछि समयानुसार यसको अधिकार बढाउँदै लगिएको छ र हाल आएर राष्ट्रपतिसँग सङ्घीय सरकारको पूर्ण अधिकार रहेको छ।[११] राष्ट्रपतिको शक्तिलाई समयानुसार बढाउने र घटाउने गरिएको भएतापनि फ्र्याङ्कलिन डी. रूजबेल्ट राष्ट्रपति भएपछि उनले यस पदमा निहित अधिकारहरूलाई उल्लेखनीय विस्तार गरेपछि, २०औँ शताब्दीको सुरुवातदेखि अमेरिकी राजनीतिक जीवनमा राष्ट्रपति पदले ठोस भूमिका निर्वाह गरेको छ। समकालीन समयमा, राष्ट्रपतिलाई एकमात्र विश्वव्यापी महाशक्ति नेताको रूपमा संसारको सबैभन्दा शक्तिशाली राजनीतिक हस्तिहरू मध्ये एकको रूपमा समेत हेर्ने गरिएको छ।[१२][१३][१४][१५]
इतिहास र विकाससम्पादन
विधायिका अधिकारसम्पादन
विधेयकमा हस्ताक्षर र भिटो गर्नेसम्पादन
एजेन्डा तय गर्नेसम्पादन
नियमहरू जारी गर्नेसम्पादन
कांग्रेसको बैठक आह्वान र स्थगित गर्नेसम्पादन
कार्यकारी अधिकारसम्पादन
प्रशासनिक अधिकारसम्पादन
विदेशी मामिलाहरूसम्पादन
कमाण्डर-इन-चीफसम्पादन
न्यायिक शक्ति र विशेषाधिकारहरूसम्पादन
नेतृत्व भूमिकाहरूसम्पादन
राज्यको प्रमुखसम्पादन
As head of state, the president represents the United States government to its own people, and represents the nation to the rest of the world. For example, during a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn, a custom was begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961.[१६] This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening.[१७]
As a national leader, the president also fulfills many less formal ceremonial duties. For example, William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators's Opening Day. Every president since Taft, except for Jimmy Carter, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the All-Star Game, or the World Series, usually with much fanfare.[१८] Every president since Theodore Roosevelt has served as honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America.[१९]
Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children.[२०] Beginning in 1947, during the Harry S. Truman administration, every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by George H. W. Bush, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.[२१]
Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition.[२२] Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president.[२३]
The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office".[२४] Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo-ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.[२५] One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of PT 109[२६] and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.[२७] As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".[२८]
पार्टीको प्रमुखसम्पादन
राष्ट्रपतिलाई सामान्यतया उनीहरूको राजनीतिक दलको प्रमुख मानिन्छ। सम्पूर्ण प्रतिनिधि सभा र कम्तिमा एक तिहाइ सिनेटमा राष्ट्रपतिसँगै निर्वाचित हुने भएकाले, राजनीतिक दलका उम्मेदवारहरूले अनिवार्य रूपमा आफ्नो चुनावी सफलता पार्टीको राष्ट्रपतिको उम्मेदवारको प्रदर्शनसँग जोडिएको हुन्छ। कोटटेल प्रभाव, वा यसको कमीले पनि प्रायः राज्य र स्थानीय तहको सरकारमा पार्टीका उम्मेदवारहरूलाई पनि असर गर्छ। यद्यपि, त्यहाँ प्रायः अध्यक्ष र पार्टीका अन्यहरू बीचको तनाव हुन्छ, जसमा कांग्रेसमा आफ्नो पार्टीको ककसबाट महत्त्वपूर्ण समर्थन गुमाउने अध्यक्षहरू सामान्यतया कमजोर र कम प्रभावकारी मानिन्छन्।
वैश्विक नेतासम्पादन
२० औं शताब्दीमा एक महाशक्तिको रूपमा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको उदय संग, र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका को २१ औं शताब्दी मा संसार को सबै भन्दा ठूलो अर्थतन्त्र भएको, राष्ट्रपति को सामान्यतया एक वैश्विक नेता को रूप मा हेरिन्छ, र कहिले काहि दुनिया को सबै भन्दा शक्तिशाली राजनीतिक व्यक्तित्व। NATO को प्रमुख सदस्यको रूपमा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको स्थिति, र युरोपेली संघ समावेश भएका अन्य धनी वा लोकतान्त्रिक राष्ट्रहरूसँग देशको बलियो सम्बन्धले राष्ट्रपतिलाई "स्वतन्त्र संसारको नेता" भन्ने उपन्यासको नेतृत्व गरेको छ।
टिप्पणीहरूसम्पादन
सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरूसम्पादन
- ↑ "How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President", The New York Times, अगस्ट २, १८९१।
- ↑ "USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4", Usgs.gov, जुलाई १८, २००७, मूलबाट सेप्टेम्बर २६, २०१२-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर १५, २०१२।
- ↑ "Models of Address and Salutation", Ita.doc.gov, मूलबाट जुलाई २०, २०१०-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच सेप्टेम्बर ४, २०१०।
- ↑ Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
- ↑ The White House Office of the Press Secretary (सेप्टेम्बर १, २०१०), "Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner", obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, अन्तिम पहुँच जुलाई १९, २०११।
- ↑ "Exchanges of Letters", Jimmy Carter Library, सेप्टेम्बर १९७८, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ९, २०१७।
- ↑ Maier, Pauline (२०१०), Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788, New York, New York: Simon & Schuster, पृ: ४३३, आइएसबिएन 978-0-684-86854-7।
- ↑ "March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history", Philadelphia: National Constitution Center, मार्च ४, २०१३, अन्तिम पहुँच जुलाई २९, २०१८।
- ↑ "Presidential Election of 1789", Digital Encyclopedia, Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon, अन्तिम पहुँच जुलाई २९, २०१८।
- ↑ Safire, William (२००८), Safire's Political Dictionary (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), Oxford University Press, पृ: ५६४, आइएसबिएन 9780195340617।
- ↑ Ford, Henry Jones (१९०८), "The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power", Proceedings of the American Political Science Association 5: 53–63, जेएसटिओआर 3038511, डिओआई:10.2307/3038511।
- ↑ Von Drehle, David (फेब्रुअरी २, २०१७), "Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?", Time।
- ↑ "Who should be the world's most powerful person?", The Guardian (London), जनवरी ३, २००८।
- ↑ Meacham, Jon (डिसेम्बर २०, २००८), "Meacham: The History of Power", Newsweek, अन्तिम पहुँच सेप्टेम्बर ४, २०१०।
- ↑ Zakaria, Fareed (डिसेम्बर २०, २००८), "The Newsweek 50: Barack Obama", Newsweek, अन्तिम पहुँच सेप्टेम्बर ४, २०१०।
- ↑ Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (१९९८), Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration, Van Nostrand Reinhold, पृ: 9–10, आइएसबिएन 978-0-442-02532-8।
- ↑ "The White House State Dinner", The White House Historical Association, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ९, २०१७।
- ↑ Duggan, Paul (अप्रिल २, २००७), "Balking at the First Pitch", The Washington Post, पृ: A०१।
- ↑ "History of the BSA Fact Sheet", Boy Scouts of America, मूलबाट जुन २९, २०१४-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ९, २०१७।
- ↑ Grier, Peter (अप्रिल २५, २०११), "The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll", The Christian Science Monitor, मूलबाट जुलाई ३०, २०१२-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच जुलाई ३०, २०१२।
- ↑ Hesse, Monica (नोभेम्बर २१, २००७), "Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend", The Washington Post, अन्तिम पहुँच मे १४, २०११।
- ↑ Gibbs, Nancy (नोभेम्बर १३, २००८), "How Presidents Pass The Torch", Time, मूलबाट नोभेम्बर २१, २००८-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच मे ६, २०११।
- ↑ Dorning, Mike (जनवरी २२, २००९), "A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office", Chicago Tribune, मूलबाट डिसेम्बर २८, २०११-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच मे ६, २०११।
- ↑ Dykoski, Rachel (नोभेम्बर १, २००८), "Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy"", Twin Cities Daily Planet, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ११, २००९, "Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership ..."
- ↑ Neffinger, John (अप्रिल २, २००७), "Democrats vs. Science: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections", HuffPost, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ११, २००९, "... back in the 1980s, Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully - [sic]staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best."
- ↑ Nelson, Dana D. (२००८), "Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people", U of Minnesota Press, आइएसबिएन 978-0-8166-5677-6, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ११, २००९, "in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ..."
- ↑ Nelson, Dana D. (२००८), "Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people", U of Minnesota Press, आइएसबिएन 978-0-8166-5677-6, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ११, २००९, "Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of the image ... (p.54)"
- ↑ Lexington (जुलाई २१, २००९), "The Cult of the Presidency", The Economist, अन्तिम पहुँच नोभेम्बर ९, २००९, "Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."
