प्रयोगकर्ता:पर्वत सुबेदी/प्रयोगस्थल
विश्वभाषाहरू
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्स्पेनी भाषा
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा स्पेनी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा स्पेनीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
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फ्रान्सेली भाषा
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा फ्रान्सेली अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा फ्रान्सेलीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
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हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा (हिन्दी र उर्दू)
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा हिन्दुस्तानीको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा हिन्दुस्तानीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
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रूसी
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा रूसी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा रूसीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
| व्यञ्जनवर्ण | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| भित्री स्वर | बाहिरी स्वर | |||||
| अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली ध्वनी | अधव | उदारहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | |
| b | ⓘ; апде́йт[२७] | ब | bʲ | ⓘ | ब | |
| d | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | द | dʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | द | |
| f | ⓘ; ⓘ;[२७] ⓘ[२८] | फ | fʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२८] | फ | |
| ɡ | ⓘ[२९][३०]; ⓘ[२७] | ग | ɡʲ | ⓘ | ग | |
| उपलब्ध/नभएको | j | ⓘ [je-]; ⓘ [jɵ-]; ⓘ [ju-]; ⓘ [ja]; ⓘ | य | |||
| k | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ[२८] | क | kʲ | ⓘ; секью́рити | क | |
| l | ⓘ[३१] | ल | lʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | ल | |
| m | ⓘ | म | mʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | म | |
| n | ⓘ | न | nʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ | न | |
| p | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ | प | pʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२८] | प | |
| r | ⓘ | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | rʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
| s | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ[२८] | soup | sʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | assume (for some dialects) | |
| ʂ | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ[२८]; ⓘ[३२] | rush | ɕː | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[३३][३४] | wish sheep | |
| t | ⓘ; ⓘ;[२७] ⓘ[२८] | stand | tʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२८] | stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
| ts[३५] | ⓘ; ⓘ[३४] | cats | tɕ[३५] | ⓘ; ⓘ[३४] | chip | |
| v | ⓘ; его́[३०]; афга́н[२७] | voodoo | vʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | view | |
| x | ⓘ; ⓘ[२९][३४] | loch (Scottish); ugh | xʲ | ⓘ; Хью́стон; ⓘ[२७][२९][३४] | huge (for some dialects) | |
| z | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | zoo | zʲ | ⓘ; резьба́; ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | presume (for some dialects) | |
| ʐ | ⓘ; волшба́[२७] | rouge | ʑː | ⓘ[३६] | prestige genre | |
| Stressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| अधव | उदार | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | |
| a | ⓘ | father | æ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | pat (US) | |
| ɛ | ⓘ; ⓘ | met | e | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | mace | |
| ɨ | ⓘ; ⓘ; с и́грами | roses (for some dialects) | i | ⓘ; ⓘ | meet | |
| o | ⓘ; ⓘ | chore | ɵ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | foot | |
| u | ⓘ | boot | ʉ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | choose | |
| अवाच्याघात स्वरवर्ण | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | |
| ɐ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[३८] | bud | उपलब्ध/नभएको | |||
| ə | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ | about | ə | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[३९] | lasagna | |
| ɨ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; к Ива́ну | roses (for some dialects) | ɪ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[४०] | bit | |
| ʊ | ⓘ | put | ʉ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | youth | |
| ɛ | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[४१] | met | उपलब्ध/नभएको | |||
| o | ⓘ; поэте́сса[४१] | chore | ɵ | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[४२] | foot | |
| उच्च विभागीय | ||||||
| IPA | उदाहरण | वर्णन | ||||
| ˈ | ⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] | Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
| ː | ⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ][२७] | Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant | ||||
- ↑ १.० १.१ १.२ १.३ /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ and /ʝ/ are between fricatives and approximants ([β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞, ʝ̞]; represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pause, after an /n/ or /m/, or—in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/—after an /l/, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, g, ɟʝ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g, j (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
- ↑ The phoneme /f/ is often pronounced as [ɸ], with the lips touching each other rather than the front teeth.
- ↑ In metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula and some Central American countries, /ʎ/ has merged into /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect. In Rioplatense Spanish, it has become [ʃ] or [ʒ]. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ↑ ४.० ४.१ ४.२ ४.३ The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. This is partially reflected in the orthography. Word-finally, only /n/ occurs.
- ↑ ५.० ५.१ The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, before consonants, and word-finally; [ɾ] is found elsewhere.
- ↑ ६.० ६.१ ६.२ ६.३ For many speakers, fricatives (/s/, /θ/ and /x/) may debuccalize or be deleted in the syllable coda (at the end of words and before consonants); e.g. reloj [reˈlo].
- ↑ In Latin America, Canary Islands and some regions in Andalusia /θ/ has merged into /s/. See seseo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ↑ a,o,u भन्दा अगाडि आएको g ले गको उच्चारण दिन्छ उदाहरण Gato = गातो भने e र i को अगाडि आयो भने हको उच्चारण दिन्छ। उदाहरण Gente=हेन्ते।
- ↑ Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ The marginal phonemes are found in loanwords, largely from Basque, English, and Nahuatl.
- ↑ In many dialects, /ʃ/ is replaced by [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ↑ The Spanish /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of play (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bed; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ The Spanish /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of coat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ In Spanish, the semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs though; e.g. aire, rey, auto, are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.
- ↑ Some speakers may pronounce word initial [w] with an epenthetic /g/; e.g. Huila [ˈgwila]~[ˈwila].
- ↑ In European French, /ɲ/ is merging with /nj/, but in Quebec, /ɲ/ is distinguished from /nj/
- ↑ In European French, /ŋ/ is often pronounced [ŋɡ]. In Quebec, some speakers merge it with /ɲ/ and some speakers pronounce it exactly in English.
- ↑ The French rhotic /ʁ/ is usually uvular, but it varies by region. For example, in Quebec, [ʁ], [r] and [ʀ] are all used, but nowadays, most speakers pronounce [ʁ].
- ↑ १९.० १९.१ १९.२ In Parisian French, /œ̃/ is usually merged with /ɛ̃/, /ɑ/ with /a/ and /ɛː/ with /ɛ/. These pairs are always distinguished in Belgian, Swiss and Quebec French.
- ↑ The syllable break ढाँचा:Angbr IPA is used sparingly.
- ↑ In liaison, the latent final consonant is pronounced before a following vowel sound, but s and x are voiced and pronounced [z], and d is unvoiced and pronounced [t].
- ↑ Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers.
- ↑ २३.० २३.१ २३.२ मुख्य रूपमा उर्दूमा व्यापक प्रयोग
- ↑ २४.० २४.१ Mainly Hindi
- ↑ २५.० २५.१ २५.२ २५.३ २५.४ Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair (१९९६), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, आइएसबिएन 978-1-901471-02-1, "... showed extremely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... [w] occurs when /व و/ is in onglide position ... [v] occurs otherwise ..." उद्दरण त्रुटी: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "V" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ in proximity of an /h/, if /h/ is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Mostly, the second schwa undergoes syncopation and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceeding an /h/.
- ↑ २७.०० २७.०१ २७.०२ २७.०३ २७.०४ २७.०५ २७.०६ २७.०७ २७.०८ २७.०९ २७.१० २७.११ २७.१२ २७.१३ २७.१४ २७.१५ २७.१६ Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
- ↑ २८.० २८.१ २८.२ २८.३ २८.४ २८.५ २८.६ २८.७ उद्दरण त्रुटी: अवैध
<ref>चिनो;devoiceनामको सन्दर्भका लागि कुनै पाठ प्रदान गरिएको छैन - ↑ २९.० २९.१ २९.२ ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as ⓘ and ⓘ, and in the interjections ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
- ↑ ३०.० ३०.१ Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (ⓘ, ⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ↑ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ↑ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
- ↑ ३४.० ३४.१ ३४.२ ३४.३ ३४.४ [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: ⓘ, начди́в, ⓘ, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
- ↑ ३५.० ३५.१ The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ↑ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
- ↑ ३७.० ३७.१ ३७.२ ३७.३ ३७.४ Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
- ↑ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
- ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
- ↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[स्रोत नखुलेको]
- ↑ ४१.० ४१.१ In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.