प्रयोगकर्ता:पर्वत सुबेदी/प्रयोगस्थल
विश्वभाषाहरू सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्
स्पेनी भाषा सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्
यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा स्पेनी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा स्पेनीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
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फ्रान्सेली भाषा सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्
यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा फ्रान्सेली अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा फ्रान्सेलीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
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हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा (हिन्दी र उर्दू) सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्
यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा हिन्दुस्तानीको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा हिन्दुस्तानीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
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रूसी सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्
यो विकिपिडियाका लेखहरूमा रूसी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला प्रतिलेखन लागि उच्चारण कुञ्जी हो।
यसले विकिपिडिया लेखहरूमा रूसीको उच्चारण प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न प्रतीकहरूको एक समूह प्रदान गर्दछ, र उदाहरणका शब्दहरूले उनीहरूसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो आवाजहरू चित्रण गर्दछ।
व्यञ्जनवर्ण | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
भित्री स्वर | बाहिरी स्वर | |||||
अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली ध्वनी | अधव | उदारहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | |
b | ⓘ; апде́йт[२७] | ब | bʲ | ⓘ | ब | |
d | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | द | dʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | द | |
f | ⓘ; ⓘ;[२७] ⓘ[२८] | फ | fʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२८] | फ | |
ɡ | ⓘ[२९][३०]; ⓘ[२७] | ग | ɡʲ | ⓘ | ग | |
उपलब्ध/नभएको | j | ⓘ [je-]; ⓘ [jɵ-]; ⓘ [ju-]; ⓘ [ja]; ⓘ | य | |||
k | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ[२८] | क | kʲ | ⓘ; секью́рити | क | |
l | ⓘ[३१] | ल | lʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | ल | |
m | ⓘ | म | mʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | म | |
n | ⓘ | न | nʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ | न | |
p | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ | प | pʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२८] | प | |
r | ⓘ | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | rʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
s | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ[२८] | soup | sʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | assume (for some dialects) | |
ʂ | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७]; ⓘ[२८]; ⓘ[३२] | rush | ɕː | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[३३][३४] | wish sheep | |
t | ⓘ; ⓘ;[२७] ⓘ[२८] | stand | tʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[२८] | stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
ts[३५] | ⓘ; ⓘ[३४] | cats | tɕ[३५] | ⓘ; ⓘ[३४] | chip | |
v | ⓘ; его́[३०]; афга́н[२७] | voodoo | vʲ | ⓘ; ⓘ | view | |
x | ⓘ; ⓘ[२९][३४] | loch (Scottish); ugh | xʲ | ⓘ; Хью́стон; ⓘ[२७][२९][३४] | huge (for some dialects) | |
z | ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | zoo | zʲ | ⓘ; резьба́; ⓘ; ⓘ[२७] | presume (for some dialects) | |
ʐ | ⓘ; волшба́[२७] | rouge | ʑː | ⓘ[३६] | prestige genre | |
Stressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
अधव | उदार | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | |
a | ⓘ | father | æ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | pat (US) | |
ɛ | ⓘ; ⓘ | met | e | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | mace | |
ɨ | ⓘ; ⓘ; с и́грами | roses (for some dialects) | i | ⓘ; ⓘ | meet | |
o | ⓘ; ⓘ | chore | ɵ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | foot | |
u | ⓘ | boot | ʉ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | choose | |
अवाच्याघात स्वरवर्ण | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | अधव | उदाहरण | निकटवर्ती नेपाली उच्चारण | |
ɐ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[३८] | bud | उपलब्ध/नभएको | |||
ə | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ | about | ə | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[३९] | lasagna | |
ɨ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; к Ива́ну | roses (for some dialects) | ɪ | ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ; ⓘ[४०] | bit | |
ʊ | ⓘ | put | ʉ | ⓘ; ⓘ[३७] | youth | |
ɛ | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[४१] | met | उपलब्ध/नभएको | |||
o | ⓘ; поэте́сса[४१] | chore | ɵ | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[४२] | foot | |
उच्च विभागीय | ||||||
IPA | उदाहरण | वर्णन | ||||
ˈ | ⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] | Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
ː | ⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ][२७] | Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant |
- ↑ १.० १.१ १.२ १.३ /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ and /ʝ/ are between fricatives and approximants ([β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞, ʝ̞]; represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pause, after an /n/ or /m/, or—in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/—after an /l/, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, g, ɟʝ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g, j (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
- ↑ The phoneme /f/ is often pronounced as [ɸ], with the lips touching each other rather than the front teeth.
- ↑ In metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula and some Central American countries, /ʎ/ has merged into /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect. In Rioplatense Spanish, it has become [ʃ] or [ʒ]. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ↑ ४.० ४.१ ४.२ ४.३ The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. This is partially reflected in the orthography. Word-finally, only /n/ occurs.
- ↑ ५.० ५.१ The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, before consonants, and word-finally; [ɾ] is found elsewhere.
- ↑ ६.० ६.१ ६.२ ६.३ For many speakers, fricatives (/s/, /θ/ and /x/) may debuccalize or be deleted in the syllable coda (at the end of words and before consonants); e.g. reloj [reˈlo].
- ↑ In Latin America, Canary Islands and some regions in Andalusia /θ/ has merged into /s/. See seseo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ↑ a,o,u भन्दा अगाडि आएको g ले गको उच्चारण दिन्छ उदाहरण Gato = गातो भने e र i को अगाडि आयो भने हको उच्चारण दिन्छ। उदाहरण Gente=हेन्ते।
- ↑ Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ The marginal phonemes are found in loanwords, largely from Basque, English, and Nahuatl.
- ↑ In many dialects, /ʃ/ is replaced by [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ↑ The Spanish /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of play (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bed; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ The Spanish /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of coat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ In Spanish, the semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs though; e.g. aire, rey, auto, are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.
- ↑ Some speakers may pronounce word initial [w] with an epenthetic /g/; e.g. Huila [ˈgwila]~[ˈwila].
- ↑ In European French, /ɲ/ is merging with /nj/, but in Quebec, /ɲ/ is distinguished from /nj/
- ↑ In European French, /ŋ/ is often pronounced [ŋɡ]. In Quebec, some speakers merge it with /ɲ/ and some speakers pronounce it exactly in English.
- ↑ The French rhotic /ʁ/ is usually uvular, but it varies by region. For example, in Quebec, [ʁ], [r] and [ʀ] are all used, but nowadays, most speakers pronounce [ʁ].
- ↑ १९.० १९.१ १९.२ In Parisian French, /œ̃/ is usually merged with /ɛ̃/, /ɑ/ with /a/ and /ɛː/ with /ɛ/. These pairs are always distinguished in Belgian, Swiss and Quebec French.
- ↑ The syllable break ढाँचा:Angbr IPA is used sparingly.
- ↑ In liaison, the latent final consonant is pronounced before a following vowel sound, but s and x are voiced and pronounced [z], and d is unvoiced and pronounced [t].
- ↑ Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers.
- ↑ २३.० २३.१ २३.२ मुख्य रूपमा उर्दूमा व्यापक प्रयोग
- ↑ २४.० २४.१ Mainly Hindi
- ↑ २५.० २५.१ २५.२ २५.३ २५.४ Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair (१९९६), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, आइएसबिएन 978-1-901471-02-1, "... showed extremely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... [w] occurs when /व و/ is in onglide position ... [v] occurs otherwise ..." उद्दरण त्रुटी: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "V" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ in proximity of an /h/, if /h/ is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Mostly, the second schwa undergoes syncopation and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceeding an /h/.
- ↑ २७.०० २७.०१ २७.०२ २७.०३ २७.०४ २७.०५ २७.०६ २७.०७ २७.०८ २७.०९ २७.१० २७.११ २७.१२ २७.१३ २७.१४ २७.१५ २७.१६ Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
- ↑ २८.० २८.१ २८.२ २८.३ २८.४ २८.५ २८.६ २८.७ उद्दरण त्रुटी: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs nameddevoice
- ↑ २९.० २९.१ २९.२ ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as ⓘ and ⓘ, and in the interjections ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
- ↑ ३०.० ३०.१ Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (ⓘ, ⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ↑ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ↑ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
- ↑ ३४.० ३४.१ ३४.२ ३४.३ ३४.४ [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: ⓘ, начди́в, ⓘ, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
- ↑ ३५.० ३५.१ The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ↑ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
- ↑ ३७.० ३७.१ ३७.२ ३७.३ ३७.४ Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
- ↑ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
- ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
- ↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[स्रोत नखुलेको]
- ↑ ४१.० ४१.१ In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.