पठान
पठान (पश्तो: ur, पश्ताना, उर्दू:ur) दक्षिण एसियामा बसोबास गर्ने एक जनजाति (समुदाय) हो। यो जातिको मूलथलो अफगानिस्तानमा हिन्दु कुश पर्वत र पाकिस्तानमा सिन्धु नदीको छेउछाउको क्षेत्र हो। हाल यो समुदाय अफगानिस्तान, पाकिस्तान र भारतका अन्य धेरै क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गरेको पाइन्छ।[११][१२]
उल्लेखीय जनसङ्ख्या भएका क्षेत्रहरू | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
पाकिस्तान | 29,342,892 (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
अफगानिस्तान | 12,776,369 (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
भारत | Over 6,000 families[२] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
UAE | 338,315 (2009)[३] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | 138,554 (2010)[४] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iran | 110,000 (1993)[५] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
संयुक्त अधिराज्य | 100,000 (2009)[६] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
जर्मनी | 37,800 (2012)[७] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
क्यानडा | 26,000 (2006)[८] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
रुस | 9,800 (2002)[९] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
अस्ट्रेलिया | 8,154 (2006)[१०] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
मलेसिया | 5,500 (2008) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tajikistan | 4,000 (1970)[५] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
भाषाहरू | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
पश्तो | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
धर्महरू | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
इस्लाम |
पश्तूनहरू संसारको २६ औं सबैभन्दा ठूलो जातीय समूह हो, र सबैभन्दा ठूलो खण्डीय वंश समाज हो; त्यहाँ अनुमानित ३५०-४०० पश्तून जनजातिहरू र विभिन्न प्रकारका उत्पत्ति सिद्धान्तहरू छन्।.[१३][१४][१५] विश्वभर पश्तुन जातिको कुल जनसंख्या लगभग ४ करोड ९० लाख रहेको अनुमान गरिएको छ,[१६] यद्यपि यो संख्या सन् १९७९ देखि अफगानिस्तानमा आधिकारिक जनगणना नभएको कारणले विवादित छ। [१७] पठानहरू अफगानिस्तानको सबैभन्दा ठूलो जातीय समूह र पाकिस्तानको दोस्रो ठूलो जातीय समूह हुन्,[१८] कुल अफगान जनसंख्याको लगभग ४८ प्रतिशत र कुल पाकिस्तानी जनसंख्याको लगभग १५.४प्रतिशत हो। .[१९][२०][२१] भारतमा, पठान (पश्तून ) डायस्पोराका महत्वपूर्ण र ऐतिहासिक समुदायहरू रोहिलखण्डको उत्तरी क्षेत्रका साथै दिल्ली र मुम्बई जस्ता प्रमुख भारतीय सहरहरूमा अवस्थित छन्। .[२२][२३][२४] हालैको पश्तून डायस्पोरा फारसको खाडीका अरब राज्यहरूमा (मुख्यतया संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्समा) त्यस क्षेत्रमा ठूलो अफगान र पाकिस्तानी डायस्पोराको भागको रूपमा गठन भएको छ।.[२५]
उल्लेखनीय व्यक्ति
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्- अहमद शाह अब्दाली, दुर्रानी साम्राज्य का संस्थापक पानीपतको तेस्रो लडाइँ मा मराठा साम्राज्य लाई पराजित गरेका थिए। उनलाई आधुनिक अफगानिस्तानको संस्थापक मानिन्छ। [२६]
- Timur Shah Durrani, second ruler of the Durrani Empire, defeated Sikhs and took back Multan.
- Mirwais Hotak, revolted against Safavid Iran and established the Hotak dynasty.
- Mahmud Hotak, second ruler of the Hotaki dynasty and Shah of Persia. He Invaded Persia and overthrew the Safavid dynasty.
- Azad Shah Afghan, military commander famous for conquering parts of Central and Western Iran, as well as Kurdistan and Gilan.
- हमिद कारजाई, पोपलजाई जनजातिका प्रमुख र 22 डिसेम्बर 2001 देखि 29 सेप्टेम्बर 2014 सम्म अफगानिस्तानको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा सेवा गरे।
- मोहम्मद असरफ घानी,[२७] इस्लामिक गणतन्त्र अफगानिस्तानका पूर्व राष्ट्रपति
- Mohammad Najibullah, Afghan politician[२८]
- Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
- Hafizullah Amin
- Mohammed Daoud Khan
- Mohammed Zahir Shah
- Ayub Khan (Hindko Speaker)
- Yahya Khan
- Amanullah Khan
- Shaheen Afridi, Pakistani cricketer.
- Rashid Khan,[२९] Afghan cricketer.
- Khalilullah Khalili, Pashtun poet of the Persian language.
- Sher Shah Suri, founder and 16th century ruler of the Sur Empire. Defeated the Mughal Empire at the Battle of Chausa.
- Rahman Baba, Pashto poet and Sufi Dervish.
- Bahlul Lodi, founder and 15th century ruler of the Lodi dynasty.
- Sikandar Lodi, Sultan of the Lodi dynasty. He gained control of Bihar and founded the modern city of Agra.[३०]
- Ibrahim Lodi, last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
- Abdul Ahad Momand, first Afghan cosmonaut, made Pashto the 4th language spoken in space
- Khushal Khan Khattak, warrior and Pashto poet.
- Madhubala, Indian actress of Pashtun descent. Famous for her portrayal of Anarkali in the 1960 film Mughal-e-Azam, which was the highest grossing film in India at that point of time.
- Nazo Tokhi, Afghan poetess and writer in the Pashto language. Mother of the 18th century Afghan King Mirwais Hotak.
- Wazir Akbar Khan, Afghan prince, general and emir. Famous for his role in the First Anglo-Afghan War, particularly for the massacre of Elphinstone's army.
- Abdul Ghafoor Breshna, painter, music composer, poet and film director. Breshna is regarded as one of Afghanistan's most talented artists. He is the artist behind the painting 1747 coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani, sketch of Sher Shah Suri and the Afghan national anthem of the Republic of Afghanistan.
- Malalai of Maiwand, national folk hero of Afghanistan. Rallied Pashtun fighters to defeat the British during the Second Anglo-Afghan war.
- Pir Roshan, warrior, poet, Sufi and revolutionary leader. Created the first known Pashto alphabet. He's also the founder of the Roshani movement/the enlightened movement.
- Hamza Shinwari, prominent Pashto poet. He is considered a bridge between classic Pashto literature and modern literature.
- Abdul Ghani Khan, philosopher, poet, eartist, writer and politician.
- Ahmad Zahir, dubbed the "Elvis of Afghanistan", Ahmad Zahir is considered to be the best singer in Afghanistan's history. Most of his songs are in Persian, albeit he also made many songs in Pashto, Russian, English and Urdu.[३१][३२][३३][३४]
- Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan, renowned Hanafi Maturidi Naqshbandi Sufi poet, distinguished as one of the "four pillars of Urdu poetry".
- मलाला युसुफजाई, महिला शिक्षा कार्यकर्ता, 17 वर्षको उमेरमा 2014 नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार प्रदान गरियो, नोबेल पुरस्कार प्राप्त गर्ने पहिलो पश्तून।
यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू
सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्- ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (२००४), A history of Pakistan and its origins, Anthem Press, पृ: ६९, आइएसबिएन 978-1-84331-149-2, अन्तिम पहुँच २२ अगस्ट २०१०।
- ↑ The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India: In Relation to Their Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Fine Arts, Population, Religion, Education, Statistics, Etc., by Robert Montgomery Martin, Cambridge University Press. [१], pg. 145. "Of the Pathans, there are above 6,000 families, chiefly settled in Nawada, Sheykhpura, and Patna." Link here
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates: Demography", Encyclopædia Britannica World Data, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, अन्तिम पहुँच १५ मार्च २००८।
- ↑ 42% of 200,000 Afghan-Americans = 84,000 and 15% of 363,699 Pakistani-Americans = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.
- ↑ ५.० ५.१ "Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)", SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, अन्तिम पहुँच ५ मे २०१२।
- ↑ Maclean, William (१० जुन २००९), "Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns", Reuters, अन्तिम पहुँच ६ अगस्ट २००९।
- ↑ Relations between Afghanistan and Germany वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण २०१७-०१-१६ मिति: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800
- ↑ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada", 2.statcan.ca, २००६, अन्तिम पहुँच १७ अप्रिल २०१०। वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण ६ जनवरी २०१९ मिति
- ↑ "Perepis.ru", perepis2002.ru (रुसीमा)। वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण २०१७-०१-१६ मिति
- ↑ "20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia" (Microsoft Excel download), 2006 Census, Australian Bureau of Statistics, अन्तिम पहुँच २ जुन २००८। वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण १० मार्च २००८ मिति Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
- ↑ The Pathan Borderland, James William Spain, Mouton, ... The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usally applied only to the people living east of the Durand ...
- ↑ Afghanistan: Glossary वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण २०१०-०७-०२ मिति, British Library, ... Comes to mean 'Pathans' residing in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Divided into two main groups, the Abdalis (qv) and the Ghilzais (qv) ...
- ↑ Romano, Amy (२००३), A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan, The Rosen Publishing Group, पृ: २८, आइएसबिएन 0-8239-3863-8, अन्तिम पहुँच १७ अक्टोबर २०१०।
- ↑ Syed Saleem Shahzad (२० अक्टोबर २००६), "Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies", अन्तिम पहुँच २२ अप्रिल २०१०।
- ↑ "Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?", ThoughtCo (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), अन्तिम पहुँच २०२२-०८-१४।
- ↑ Lewis, Paul M. (२००९), "Pashto, Northern", SIL International, Dallas, TX: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition, अन्तिम पहुँच १८ सेप्टेम्बर २०१०, "Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries."
- ↑ "Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimat", United Nations world data form, मूलबाट १७ मे २०२०-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच २ अगस्ट २०२०। Library of Congress Web Archives अभिलेखिकरण १७ मे २०२० मिति
- ↑ "Pakistan - The World Factbook", www.cia.gov, अन्तिम पहुँच २०२१-०१-१९।
- ↑ "Afghanistan - The World Factbook", www.cia.gov, अन्तिम पहुँच २०२१-०१-१९।
- ↑ "South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", cia.gov, अन्तिम पहुँच २४ फेब्रुअरी २०१९।
- ↑ "What Languages Are Spoken In Pakistan?", World atlas, ३० जुलाई २०१९।
- ↑ Canfield, Robert L.; Rasuly-Paleczek, Gabriele (४ अक्टोबर २०१०), Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small (Englishमा), Routledge, पृ: १४८, आइएसबिएन 978-1-136-92750-8, "By the late-eighteenth century perhaps 100,000 "Afghan" or "Puthan" migrants had established several generations of political control and economic consolidation within numerous Rohilkhand communities"
- ↑ Haleem, Safia (२४ जुलाई २००७), "Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India", Khyber.org, मूलबाट २९ फेब्रुअरी २०२०-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच १ जुलाई २०२०। वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण २९ फेब्रुअरी २०२० मिति
- ↑ "Pakhtoons in Kashmir", The Hindu, २० जुलाई १९५४, मूलबाट ९ डिसेम्बर २००४-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच २८ नोभेम्बर २०१२, "Over a lakh Pakhtoons living in Jammu and Kashmir as nomad tribesmen without any nationality became Indian subjects on July 17. Batches of them received certificates to this effect from the Kashmir Prime Minister, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, at village Gutligabh, 17 miles from Srinagar." वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण ९ डिसेम्बर २००४ मिति
- ↑ "Northern Pashtun in United Arab Emirates", Joshua project।
- ↑ "Biography of Ahmad Shah Durrani", ४ मार्च २०१८। वेब्याक मेसिन अभिलेखिकरण १७ डिसेम्बर २०२२ मिति
- ↑ Adams, Tim (२ जुलाई २००६), "The path of Khan", Guardian (UK), मूलबाट ३० अगस्ट २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच ५ नोभेम्बर २००७।
- ↑ National Foreign Assessment Center (१९९१), Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments, Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, पृ: 1।
- ↑ Steer, Duncan, Shahid Afridi: the story of my life, Spin: The Cricket Magazine, मूलबाट ३० अप्रिल २०११-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच २७ फेब्रुअरी २०११।
- ↑ "Lodī dynasty | Indian history | Britannica", www.britannica.com (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), अन्तिम पहुँच २०२२-०३-२५।
- ↑ Rabe, Nate (१२ डिसेम्बर २०१४), "The West has just discovered the Elvis of Afghanistan", Qz.com, अन्तिम पहुँच १९ नोभेम्बर २०२१।
- ↑ "Ahmad Zahir: The Enduring", Arwa Haider (BBC News), ६ डिसेम्बर २०१८, मूलबाट अगस्ट १९, २०२१-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-१०-१०, "A new documentary celebrates Ahmad Zahir, the '60s and '70s icon who mysteriously died in 1979. Arwa Haider talks to the people making the film, including Zahir's daughter, about how the singer combined popularity with protest."
- ↑ Haider, Arwa, "Ahmad Zahir: The enduring appeal of the Afghan Elvis", Bbc.com, अन्तिम पहुँच १९ नोभेम्बर २०२१।
- ↑ "The 'Afghan Elvis': the extraordinary life of Ahmad Zahir", Monica Whitlock; BBC World Histories magazine, ४ जुलाई २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-१०-१०, "He sang mostly in – Persian – but also in Urdu and English."