विकिपिडिया

ढाँचा:समयानुसार ठूला शक्ति राष्ट्र

१८१५ १८७८ १९०० १९१९ १९३९ १९४५ c. २०००
ढाँचा:Country data Austrian Empire[nb १]  Austria-Hungary[nb २]  Austria-Hungary[nb ३]
 ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य[nb ४]  ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य[nb ५]  ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य[nb ६]  ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य[nb ७]  संयुक्त अधिराज्य[nb ९]  संयुक्त अधिराज्य[nb १०]  संयुक्त अधिराज्य[nb ११]
 China[nb १२]  China[nb १३]
ढाँचा:Country data Bourbon Restoration[nb १४] ढाँचा:Country data French Third Republic[nb १५] ढाँचा:Country data French Third Republic[nb १६] ढाँचा:Country data French Third Republic[nb १७] ढाँचा:Country data French Third Republic[nb १८]  France[nb १९]  France[nb २०]
ढाँचा:Country data Kingdom of Prussia[nb २१]  Germany[nb २२]  Germany[nb २३]  Germany[nb २४]  Germany[nb २५]
 Italy[nb २६]  Italy[nb २७]  Italy[nb २८]  Italy[nb २९]  Italy[nb ३०]
 Japan[nb ३१]  Japan[nb ३३]  Japan[nb ३४]  Japan[nb ३५]
ढाँचा:Country data रूसी साम्राज्य[nb ३६]  Russia[nb ३७] ढाँचा:Country data रूसी साम्राज्य[nb ३८]  सोभियत सङ्घ[nb ३९]  सोभियत सङ्घ[nb ४०] ढाँचा:Country data रसिया[nb ४१]
 संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका[nb ४२]  संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका[nb ४३]  संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका[nb ४४]  संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका[nb ४५]  संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका[nb ४६]

Notes included with template

  1. ↑ For Austria in 1815, see: [१][२][३]
  2. ↑ For Austria in 1880, see: [४]
  3. ↑ For Austria in 1900, see: [५]
  4. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1815, see: [१][२][३]
  5. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1880, see: [४]
  6. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1990, see: [५]
  7. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1919, see: [६]
  8. ↑ After the Statute of Westminster came into effect in 1931, the United Kingdom no longer represented the British Empire in world affairs.
  9. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1938, see: [nb ८][७]
  10. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1946, see: [१][८][९]
  11. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 2000, see: [१०][११][८][१][१२][१३][१४][१५][१६][१७]
  12. ↑ For China in 1946, see: [१][८]
  13. ↑ For China in 2000, see: [१][८][११][१५][१८][१९]
  14. ↑ For France in 1815, see: [१][२][३]
  15. ↑ For France in 1880, see: [४]
  16. ↑ For France in 1900, see: [५]
  17. ↑ For France in 1919, see: [६]
  18. ↑ For France in 1938, see: [७]
  19. ↑ For France in 1946, see: [१][८]
  20. ↑ For France in 2000, see: [१०][१][८][११][१२][१३][१५]
  21. ↑ For Germany in 1815, see: [१][२][३]
  22. ↑ For Germany in 1880, see: [४]
  23. ↑ For Germany in 1900, see: [५]
  24. ↑ For Germany in 1938, see: [७]
  25. ↑ For Germany in 2000, see: [१०][१][११][१२][१३][१५]
  26. ↑ For Italy in 1880, see: [२०][२१][२२][२३]
  27. ↑ For Italy in 1900, see: [५]
  28. ↑ For Italy in 1919, see: [६]
  29. ↑ For Italy in 1938, see: [७]
  30. ↑ For Italy in 2000, see: [१०][१२][१३][२४] [२५][२६]
  31. ↑ For Japan in 1900, see: [५]
  32. ↑ "The Prime Minister of Canada (during the Treaty of Versailles) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from MacMillan, Margaret (२००३), Paris 1919, United States of America: Random House Trade, पृ: ३०६, आइएसबिएन 0-375-76052-0। 
  33. ↑ For Japan in 1919, see: [६][nb ३२]
  34. ↑ For Japan in 1938, see: [७]
  35. ↑ For Japan in 2000, see: [१][११][१८][२७][१२][१५]
  36. ↑ For Russia in 1815, see: [१][२][३]
  37. ↑ For Russia in 1880, see: [४]
  38. ↑ For Russia in 1900, see: [५]
  39. ↑ For Russia in 1938, see: [७]
  40. ↑ For Russia in 1946, see: [१][८][९]
  41. ↑ For Russia in 2000, see: [१][८][११][१८][१२][१३][१५]
  42. ↑ For the United States in 1900, see: [५]
  43. ↑ For the United States in 1919, see: [६]
  44. ↑ For the United States in 1938, see: [७]
  45. ↑ For the United States in 1946, see: [१][८][९]
  46. ↑ For the United States in 2000, see: [१०][१][८][११][२८][१२][१३][१५]

References included with template

  1. ↑ १.०० १.०१ १.०२ १.०३ १.०४ १.०५ १.०६ १.०७ १.०८ १.०९ १.१० १.११ १.१२ १.१३ १.१४ १.१५ १.१६ Peter Howard (२००८), "Great Powers", Encarta, MSN, मूलबाट २००९-१०-३१-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच २००८-१२-२०। 
  2. ↑ २.० २.१ २.२ २.३ २.४ Fueter, Eduard (१९२२), World history, 1815–1920, United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company, पृ: 25–28, 36–44, आइएसबिएन 1584770775। 
  3. ↑ ३.० ३.१ ३.२ ३.३ ३.४ Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) (PDF copy).
  4. ↑ ४.० ४.१ ४.२ ४.३ ४.४ McCarthy, Justin (१८८०), A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee, New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, पृ: 475–476। 
  5. ↑ ५.० ५.१ ५.२ ५.३ ५.४ ५.५ ५.६ ५.७ Dallin, David (नोभेम्बर २००६), The Rise of Russia in Asia, आइएसबिएन 9781406729191। 
  6. ↑ ६.० ६.१ ६.२ ६.३ ६.४ MacMillan, Margaret (२००३), Paris 1919, United States of America: Random House Trade, पृ: 36, 306, 431, आइएसबिएन 0-375-76052-0। 
  7. ↑ ७.० ७.१ ७.२ ७.३ ७.४ ७.५ ७.६ Harrison, M (2000) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
  8. ↑ ८.०० ८.०१ ८.०२ ८.०३ ८.०४ ८.०५ ८.०६ ८.०७ ८.०८ ८.०९ Louden, Robert (२००७), The world we want, United States of America: Oxford University Press US, पृ: 187, आइएसबिएन 978-0195321371। 
  9. ↑ ९.० ९.१ ९.२ The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
  10. ↑ १०.० १०.१ १०.२ १०.३ १०.४ Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, १७ जनवरी २००५, पृ: ८५, आइएसबिएन 0773528369, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ जुन २०१६।  ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
  11. ↑ ११.० ११.१ ११.२ ११.३ ११.४ ११.५ ११.६ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (२००५), Balance of Power, United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005, पृ: 59, 282, आइएसबिएन 0791464016।  Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
  12. ↑ १२.० १२.१ १२.२ १२.३ १२.४ १२.५ १२.६ Sterio, Milena (२०१३), The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, पृ: xii (preface), आइएसबिएन 978-0415668187, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ जुन २०१६।  ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
  13. ↑ १३.० १३.१ १३.२ १३.३ १३.४ १३.५ Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012, Cambridge University Press, २०१३, पृ: २२४, आइएसबिएन 978-1107471498, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ जुन २०१६।  (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
  14. ↑ McCourt, David (२८ मे २०१४), Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics, United States of America: University of Michigan Press, आइएसबिएन 978-0472072217। 
  15. ↑ १५.० १५.१ १५.२ १५.३ १५.४ १५.५ १५.६ Baron, Joshua (२२ जनवरी २०१४), Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order, United States: Palgrave Macmillan, आइएसबिएन 978-1137299482। 
  16. ↑ Chalmers, Malcolm (मे २०१५), "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR", Royal United Services Institute, Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): २, "While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'." 
  17. ↑ Walker, William (२२ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५), "Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom", International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy 57 (5): 7–28, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५, "Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach." 
  18. ↑ १८.० १८.१ १८.२ UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers
  19. ↑ Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" The Washington Quarterly[dead link]
  20. ↑ Kennedy, Paul (१९८७), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, United States of America: Random House, पृ: २०४, आइएसबिएन 0-394-54674-1। 
  21. ↑ Best, Antony; Hanhimäki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph; Schulze, Kirsten (२००८), International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond, United States of America: Routledge, पृ: ९, आइएसबिएन 978-0415438964। 
  22. ↑ Wight, Martin (२००२), Power Politics, United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group, पृ: ४६, आइएसबिएन 0826461743। 
  23. ↑ Waltz, Kenneth (१९७९), Theory of International Politics, United States of America: McGraw-Hill, पृ: १६२, आइएसबिएन 0-07-554852-6। 
  24. ↑ Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security, Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, २०१४, पृ: Table on page १० (Great Power criteria), मूलबाट ११ अक्टोबर २०१६-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच १४ जुन २०१६। 
  25. ↑ Italy: 150 years of a small great power, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010
  26. ↑ Kuper, Stephen, "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019" (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), अन्तिम पहुँच २२ जनवरी २०२०, "Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers" 
  27. ↑ Richard N. Haass, "Asia's overlooked Great Power", Project Syndicate April 20, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era", अन्तिम पहुँच २००७-०२-२८।  
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