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== चासोको अन्तरद्वन्द के हो? ==
== Covert advertising{{anchor|covert}} ==
{{Shortcut|WP:COVERT|WP:NOHIDDENADS}}
=== US: Federal Trade Commission, state law, and native advertising ===
{{seealso|Native advertising|Consumer protection|Direct-to-consumer advertising}}
All editors are expected to follow United States law on undisclosed advertising, which is described by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) at [http://www.ftc.gov/os/2009/10/091005revisedendorsementguides.pdf ''Endorsement Guidelines''] and ''[https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/press-releases/ftc-staff-revises-online-advertising-disclosure-guidelines/130312dotcomdisclosures.pdf Dot Com Disclosures]''. The FTC regards advertising as deceptive if it mimics a content format, such as a news report, that appears to come from an independent, impartial source:
[[File:Seal of the United States Federal Trade Commission.svg|right|100px]]
{{quotes|Marketers and publishers are using innovative methods to create, format, and deliver digital advertising. One form is "native advertising", content that bears a similarity to the news, feature articles, product reviews, entertainment, and other material that surrounds it online. ...{{pb}}In digital media, native ads often resemble the design, style, and functionality of the media in which they are disseminated. ... The more a native ad is similar in format and topic to content on the publisher's site, the more likely that a disclosure will be necessary to prevent deception. —Federal Trade Commission, 2015}}
To judge whether an ad is deceptive under the [[Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914]], the FTC considers "both what the ad says and the format it uses to convey that information ... Advertisements or promotional messages are deceptive if they convey to consumers expressly or by implication that they’re independent, impartial, or from a source other than the sponsoring advertiser ...".
State law may have similar prohibitions. While the FTC law may apply only to interstate and foreign commerce, state law applies to intrastate commerce and must be obeyed. At least one state court case found liability for an ad disguised as editorial content.
=== European fair-trading law ===
[[File:No ads.svg|100px|right]]
{{See also|Unfair Commercial Practices Directive}}
In 2012 the Munich [[Oberlandesgericht]] court ruled that if a company or its agents edit Wikipedia with the aim of influencing customers, the edits constitute covert advertising, and as such are a violation of European fair-trading law. The ruling stated that readers cannot be expected to seek out user and talk pages to find editors' disclosures about their corporate affiliation.
=== UK Advertising Standards Authority ===
The [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA) in the UK found in 2012 that the content of [[Twitter|tweets]] from two footballers had been "agreed with the help of a member of the Nike marketing team". The tweets were not clearly identified as Nike marketing communications and were therefore in breach of the ASA's code.
=== Advertising Standards Canada ===
The [[Advertising Standards Canada|Canadian Code of Advertising Standards]], administered by [[Advertising Standards Canada]], states: "No advertisement shall be presented in a format or style that conceals the fact that it is an advertisement."
== Other categories of COI ==
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