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"पूर्वीय सभ्यता" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

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[[एसिया|एशियाएसिया]]का बिभिन्न देशहरूमा रहेका सांस्कृतीक, सामाजिक व्यवस्था तथा [[दार्शन]]लाई समेटेर भन्दा '''पूर्वीय संसार''' अथवा '''पूर्वीय सभ्यता''' भन्ने गरिन्छ। यसमा मुख्य गरेर [[भारतीय सभ्यता|भारतीय]] तथा [[चिनीया सभ्यता|चिनीया]] सभ्यताको ठूलो प्रभाव रहेको पाइन्छ।▼
{{Easternculture}}
{{dablink|For this article's counterpart regarding the West, see [[Western world]] or [[Western culture]].}}
 
▲[[एसिया|एशिया]]का बिभिन्न देशहरूमा रहेका सांस्कृतीक, सामाजिक व्यवस्था तथा [[दार्शन]]लाई समेटेर भन्दा '''पूर्वीय संसार''' अथवा '''पूर्वीय सभ्यता''' भन्ने गरिन्छ। यसमा मुख्य गरेर [[भारतीय सभ्यता|भारतीय]] तथा [[चिनीया सभ्यता|चिनीया]] सभ्यताको ठूलो प्रभाव रहेको पाइन्छ।
 
=="पूर्वको धारणा"==
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==धारणाको कमजोरी==
Currently terms such as [[Western world|Western]], [[Near East]] (or [[Middle East]]) र [[Far East]] are commonly used to distinguish different cultural spheres, based on the standard two-dimensional layout of the world-map, which has [[the Americas]] at the far left (West), Europe र Africa in the middle, र Asia to the right (East). This arrangement is arbitrary because the Earth is round, rather than flat (however this model does ensure that land regions are concentrated in the centre without Eurasia being split in two); therefore, by going west, one will eventually arrive in the east, र when one goes east, one will eventually arrive in the west, provided one keeps going long enough. This is true no matter where one is on the globe's surface (except the Poles, where all directions are either north or south). Because of this, the East/West division has been criticized for being [[Eurocentric]], however the notional 'central-point' between East र West would be to the east of Europe itself. Some countries, in particular [[रुस|Russia]], do not fit neatly into this opposition.
 
While Western Orientalist traditions included both Islamic र further Eastern cultures under the generic heading of "the East", the common [[Abrahamic]] traditions of Islam र Christianity mean that a case can be made that both Islam र Christianity together form a different cultural sphere from countries further to the East in which the concept of [[Dharma]] plays a far more important role than that of an authoritative [[God]]. In recent years the concept of "Eastern culture" has increasingly become restricted to East Asian traditions. However, the existence of Islam र Christianity as powerful forces in countries such as [[Indonesia]] र the [[Philippines]] makes this usage problematic.
 
आमेरिच रोच्क्स्
 
==पूर्वीय संस्कृतिको आधार==
Eastern culture has developed many themes र traditions. Some important ones are:
 
*[[Buddhism]] - contributed to a concept of self wherein the importance of ego was diminished, र that suffering was regarded as an accepted part of life. The Chinese literati traditionally despised Buddhism.
*[[Confucianism]] - social hierarchy where position is based upon merit as determined through the imperial examination system. This social hierarchy promoted respect for elders र authority, र valued harmony within family.
*[[Hinduism]] - the oldest surviving religion, which contributed the concept of [[Dharma]] र served as the origin of the [[Dharmic religion]]s
*[[Islam]] - the majority of the world [[Muslim]] population have always lived in Asia, due to the influence of the [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]]
*[[Martial arts]]
*[[Taoism]] - concepts of good र bad energy, the connectedness of mind र body र nature, etc.
*"Oriental Medicine" - [[reflexology]], [[acupuncture]], [[herbal medicine]], etc.
*[[Zoroastrianism]] - the oldest surviving [[monotheism|monotheistic]] religion that was practiced in [[Persian Empire|ancient Persia]]
 
==पूर्वीय संस्कृतिको प्रगती==
Eastern culture, especially [[जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन|China]], [[History of India|India]], र the [[Middle East]], had a major impact on world civilization.
 
===चीन===
{{Main|Science र technology in China|History of science र technology in China}}
{{See|Culture of China|Chinese astronomy|Chinese mathematics}}
It was China that invented [[paper]], [[compass]], [[gunpowder]] र [[printing]] (the [[Four Great Inventions of ancient China]]) that had profound effects on civilizations worldwide. Among the technological accomplishments of China were early seismological detectors, dry docks, sliding [[caliper]]s, the double-action piston [[pump]], [[cast iron]], the iron [[plough]], the multi-tube [[seed drill]], the [[wheelbarrow]], the [[suspension bridge]], the [[parachute]], [[natural gas]] as fuel, the [[raised-relief map]], the [[propeller]], र the [[crossbow]]. Chinese astronomers were also among the first to record observations of a [[supernova]]. It was eastern culture that first invented the [[abacus]], [[planetarium]], [[book]], [[ink]], first [[cannon]], [[bomb]] (using gunpowder), nest [[cart]], [[spaghetti]], [[fireworks]], [[brandy]], [[whiskey]], [[cards]], [[Paper money]], [[saddle]], [[toothbrush]], [http://www.crystalinks.com/chinainventions.html] [http://inventors.about.com/od/chineseinventors/]. The blue [[light-emitting diode]] was invented in Japan. In medicine, the [[elixir]] formulation, [[herbal medicine]], [[craniotomy]], र [[acupuncture]] are all attributed to the East. It was Easterners who first discovered [[methamphetamine]], [[adrenaline]], [[sodium glutamate]], र [[Vitamin B1]].
 
===भारत===
[[Image:2064 aryabhata-crp.jpg|thumb|Statue of Aryabhata on the grounds of [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy र Astrophysics|IUCAA]], [[Pune]].]]
{{Main|Science र technology in ancient India}}
{{See|Culture of India|Vedic Science|Indian astronomy|Indian mathematics}}
Four of the world's major religions, [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] र [[Sikhism]] originated in [[India (disambiguation)|India]]. Hinduism, the successor of the ancient [[Vedic religion]], is considered to be the world's oldest existing religion. Though Buddhism originated in India, it is one of the most practiced religions in [[East Asia]] र [[South East Asia]] र helped spread [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosophical]] theories like [[Karma]] र [[Dharma]] to other parts of Asia. [[Yoga]], a family of ancient spiritual practices, originated in India र is one of the six schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]. Indian thinkers made great work र effort in [[mathematics]] among others र [[Indian mathematics]] described र theorized many mathematical concepts र applications. Indians first invented the [[decimal notation]] that is ०, १, २, ३, ४,...etc.
 
==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू==
India is home to some of the greatest र some of the earliest inventions in mathematical concepts, [[astronomy]], [[physics]], [[medicine]], र applications. It is now generally accepted that India was the birth place of several mathematical concepts, including [[zero]], the [[decimal system]], [[algebra]], [[algorithm]], [[square root]] र [[cube root]]. It was Indians who theorized about [[gravity]], determining [[sun]] is a [[star]] among others. [[Aryabhatta]] is considered to be the first mathematician to use letters of the alphabet to denote unknown quantities र to conclude the [[pi]] is an irrational number. Other Indian mathematicians, such as [[Brahmagupta]] र [[Bhaskara]] too made significant contributions to field of mathematics. Acharya [[Sushruta]], author of [[Sushruta Samhita]], is believed to be the first person to carry out a [[surgery]]. [[Ayurveda]], an ancient Indian medical practice, depicts the achievements Indians had made in the field of [[medical science]]. The most commonly held view is that [[बुद्धिचाल|Chess]] originated in India. For instance [[Āryabhaṭa]] is widely regarded as one of the famous र influential thinkers, mathematicians र astronomers who for instance described the [[solar eclipse]], who first described the reason for movement of stars, who first calculated the [[circumference]] of the earth with only ०.२% difference from the current prediction.
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==बाह्य लिङ्कहरू==
 
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[[श्रेणी:दर्शन]]
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