"सरुवा रोग" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर
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पङ्क्ति १:
{{eng}}
In [[चिकित्साशास्त्र|medicine]], '''infectious
== Basics ==
Infectious diseases are the invasion of a [[host (biology)|host]] organism by a foreign [[replicator]], generally microorganisms, often called ''microbes,'' that are invisible to the naked eye. Microbes that cause illness are also known as ''pathogens.'' The most common pathogens are various bacteria र viruses, though a number of other microorganisms, including some kinds of [[fungi]] र [[protozoa|protozoa,]] also cause
An organism that a microbe infects is known as the host for that microbe. In the human host, a microorganism causes
=== Agents र vectors ===
Infectious
The vector does not have to be biological. Many infectious diseases are transmitted by droplets which enter the airway (e.g. [[common cold]] र [[tuberculosis]]).
== Mortality from infectious diseases ==
The [[World Health Organization]] collects information on global deaths by [[ICD|International Classification of
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पङ्क्ति १३७:
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:[[Tropical
| 0.13 million
| 0.2%
पङ्क्ति १४७:
:''(Note: The other categories of death are maternal र perinatal conditions (5.2%), nutritional deficiencies (0.9%), noncommunicable conditions (58.8%), र injuries (9.1%).)''
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The top three single agent
Lower respiratory infections, which include various [[pneumonia]]s, र diarrheal diseases are caused by many different [[virus]]es, [[bacterium|bacteria]] or [[parasite]]s.
पङ्क्ति १५३:
Childhood diseases include [[pertussis]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[diphtheria]], [[measles]] र [[tetanus]]. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory र diarrheal deaths.
Tropical diseases include [[Chagas
=== Historic pandemics ===
A [[pandemic]] (or global [[epidemic]]) is a
* The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 or [[Spanish Flu]] killed 25 to 40 million in 1 year (about 2% of world population of 1.7 billion).
** [[Influenza]] now kills about 250,000 to 500,000 worldwide each year.
* The [[Black Death]] of 1347 to 1352 killed 25 million in Europe over 5 years (estimate of 25 to 50% of Europe, Asia, र Africa - world population was 500 million).
===
In some cases, a microorganism र its host live in reasonable harmony. Such is the case for many tropical viruses र the insects, monkeys, or other animals in which they have lived र reproduced for thousands or millions of years. Because the microbes र their hosts have co-evolved together, the hosts have gradually become resistant to the microorganisms. But when a microbe jumps from a long-time animal host to a human being, it may cease being a harmless parasite and—simply because it is new to the human species—become a pathogen. (See [[infection]]).
With most new infectious diseases, some human action is involved, changing the environment so that an existing [[microbe]] can take up residence in a new ecological [[niche|niche.]] Once that happens, a [[pathogen]] that had been confined to a remote habitat appears in a new or wider region, or a microbe that had infected only animals suddenly begins causing human
Several human activities have led to the emergence र spread of new diseases:
पङ्क्ति १७३:
:'''Uncontrolled urbanization.''' The rapid growth of cities in many developing countries concentrates large numbers of people in crowded areas with poor sanitation, which foster the transmission of contagious diseases.
:'''Modern transport.''' Ships र other cargo carriers often harbor unintended "passengers," such as insects र rats, that can spread diseases to faraway destinations.
:'''High-speed globe-trotting.''' With international jet-airplane travel, people infected with a new
The relationship between virulence र transmission is complex, र has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen. If a
== Diagnosis र therapy ==
पङ्क्ति १८१:
=== Diagnosis ===
''Diagnosis'' is initially by medical history र physical examination, र imaging (such as [[X-ray]]s), but the principal tool in infectious
Certain agents cannot be [[microbiological culture|cultured]], for example the above-mentioned ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' र most [[virus]]es. The first [[serology|serological]] markers were developed to diagnose [[syphilis]] (the [[Wassermann test]], later replaced by the [[VDRL]] र [[TPHA]] tests). Serology involves detecting the [[antibody|antibodies]] against an infectious agent in the patient's [[blood]]. In [[immunocompromised]] patients (e.g. [[AIDS]]), [[serology]] can be troublesome, because the antibody reaction is blunted.
पङ्क्ति १८७:
A more recent development is direct detection of [[virus|viral]] proteins and/or DNA in [[blood]] or [[secretion]]s. This can be done by [[PCR]] (polymerase chain reaction), involving the amplification of viral DNA र its subsequent detection with anti-DNA probes.
==== Infectious रोगको बर्गिकरण ====
One way of proving that a given
[[Epidemiology]] is another important tool used to study
=== Therapy ===
पङ्क्ति १९६:
==== The work of an infectiologist ====
[[Physician|Doctors]] who specialise in the [[चिकित्साशास्त्र|medical treatment]] of infectious
The services of the infectious
* The
* The patient is [[immunocompromised]] (for example, in [[AIDS]] or after [[chemotherapy]]);
* The [[infectious agent]] is of an uncommon nature (e.g. [[tropical
* The
* The disease might be dangerous to other patients, र the patient might have to be isolated.
The work of the infectiologist therefore entails working with patients र doctors on one hand र [[laboratory science|laboratory scientists]] र [[immunology|immunologists]] on the other hand.
===
[[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]] ([[1632]]-[[1723]]) advanced the science of microscopy, allowing easy visualization of bacteria.
पङ्क्ति २२०:
[[Gerhard Domagk]] develops [[Sulphonamides]], the first broad spectrum synthetic antibacterial drugs.
== यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्। ==
* [[Infection]]
* [[Microbiology]]
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