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पङ्क्ति ९:
In the United States र Canada orthopedic surgeons (also know as orthopedists) complete a minimum of 13 years of [[postsecondary education]] र clinical training. This training includes obtaining an [[undergraduate education|undergraduate degree]], a medical degree, र then completing a 5-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] in orthopedic surgery. The 5-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] consists of one year of general surgery training followed by four years of training in orthopaedic surgery.
 
Many orthopedic surgeons elect to do further subspeciality training in programs known as 'fellowships' after completing their residency training. These fellowships typically last 1-21–2 years र usually have a [[research]] component involved with the clinical र operative training. Examples of orthopedic subspeciality training in the US are:
 
# Hand surgery
पङ्क्ति ४२:
# Shoulder [[arthroscopy]]/distal [[clavicle]] excision
# Repair of [[rotator cuff]] tendon
# Repair [[bone fracture|fracture]] of [[radius (bone)]]/[[ulna]]
# [[Laminectomy]]
# Repair of ankle [[bone fracture|fracture]] (bimalleolar type)
पङ्क्ति ६५:
* Musculoskeletal oncology: 1.3%
 
A typical schedule for a practicing orthopaedic surgeon involves 50-5550–55 hours of work per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties र possibly teaching and/or research if in an academic setting.
 
== History ==
पङ्क्ति ८०:
== Arthroscopy ==
 
The use of [[arthroscopy|arthroscopic tools]] has been particularly important for injured patients. Arthroscopy was pioneered by Dr. Watanabe of Japan to perform [[minimally invasive surgery|minimally invasive cartilage surgery र re-constructions]] of torn ligaments. Arthroscopy helped patients recover from the surgery in a matter of days, rather than the weeks to months required by conventional, 'open' surgery. Knee arthroscopy is one of the most common operations performed by orthopedic surgeons today र is often combined with meniscectomy or chondroplasty--bothchondroplasty—both of which are removal of a torn cartilage.
 
== Joint replacement ==
पङ्क्ति १२५:
{{Medicine}}
 
[[Categoryश्रेणी:चिकित्सा शास्त्र]]
[[Categoryश्रेणी:स्वास्थ्य]]
 
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