"रोगविज्ञान" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

'''Pathology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[pathos]]'', feeling, pain, suffering; र ''[[logos]]'', study of; see also [[-ology]]) is the study of the processes underlying [[disease]] र other forms of [[illness]], harmful [[abnormality]], or [[dysfunction]]. Within [[biology]] but also a branch of [[medicine]], it means specifically the study र diagnosis of the structural र functional changes in cells, tissues र organs that underlie [[disease]]. Pathology as a field of knowledge hence forms the basis of the scientific reasoning behind the practice of medicine.

 

The primary goal of pathology is the study of the four main aspects of a disease:

* [[Etiology]]: what causes the disease

Pathologists usually do not see patients, but do on occasion such as when performing bone marrow biopsies र aspirates or fine needle aspirations of superficial nodules. Thus, it is best considered a form of diagnostic medicine. In addition to the diagnosis of disease, including cancer, र the administration of medical laboratories, pathologists often participate in the teaching of medical students (Pathology is a core course in the medical curriculum). Pathologists express their opinion as a pathology report addressed to the doctor requesting it. Since pathologists most often communicate with other doctors, they are sometimes nicknamed "the doctor's doctor". Pathology is often considered the most scientific branch of [[medicine]] because of the available avenues of research involving human material. Finally, the circulation of laboratory data is a central issue in [[medical informatics]] र the current tendency towards [[computer file|electronic]] medical records.

 

The techniques used most often in the study of the disease process र hence diagnosis are:

* [[Gross]] pathology: the recognition of disease based on macroscopic examination of surgical specimens generated at the time of surgery or at autopsy.

* [[Molecular Biology]] techniques, like [[PCR]] र [[Fluorescent in situ hybridization|FISH]] are increasingly useful to diagnose diseases, especially microbiological र cancer diagnosis.

 

In the United States, pathologists are medical doctors (MD) or doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO), that have completed a four year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, र four to five years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology residency. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology:

* [[Anatomical pathology|Anatomic Pathology]], the science of diagnosing diseases based on the appearance, both [[gross]] र [[histopathology|microscopic]] appearance of tissues.

Most pathologists seek a broad based training in both fields र thus require four years of postgraduate training known as residency. Finally, a board certification examination is required. Boarding requirements are set by the [http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx American Board of Pathology]. Pathologists, like all other medical doctors, are also required to meet continuing medical education requirements.

 

The [http://www.abomp.org/ American Board] of [[Oral र maxillofacial pathology]] certifies [[dentistry]] doctors, not medical doctors, to practice this sub-specialty of Pathology.

 

* [[Plant pathology]]

* [[Veterinary Pathology]]

* [[Psychopathology]] is also used in [[mental health]], denoting the study of mental illness.

 

* [[Anatomy]], either gross or microscopic ([[histology]])

* [[Nosology]]: the science of classifying, or naming, diseases

* [[Epidemiology]]: the science of associating diseases with risk factors, regardless of known pathological relationships. An epidemiological association is often the first step in establishing an etiological (causal) relationship between a risk factor र a disease.

 

''Pathological'' is used to describe a person's actions in such a way as to credit the action to a disease process, e.g. [[pathological purchasing]] or [[pathological consumption]], pathological [[narcissism]], [[lying|pathological liar]], pathological [[gambling]], pathological [[jealousy]]. ''Pathological'' is also used casually, to signify an abnormal state, e.g. a "pathological attitude" or a "pathological woman hater".

 

''Pathological'' is also used in mathematics, physics, र statistics to describe an exceptionally (or awkwardly, or inconveniently) atypical example or set of data, often one which does not abide by rules or succumb to treatment that other similar cases usually do:

 

[[Computer science]] uses this term in a slightly different sense with regard to the study of algorithms. Here, an [[input]] (or set of inputs) is said to be pathological if it causes atypical behavior from the [[algorithm]], such as a violation of its average case complexity, or even its correctness. For example, [[hash table]]s generally have pathological inputs: sets of keys that collide on hash values. The term is often used pejoratively, as a way of dismissing such inputs as being specially designed to break a routine that is otherwise sound in practice.

 

== External links ==

 

 

 

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