ढाँचा:Physical constants

ढाँचा कागजात[हेर्नुहोस्] [सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्] [इतिहास] [ताजा गर्नुहोस्]

{{physconst}}

This template provides easy inclusion of recent values of physical constants in articles. Presently, it returns CODATA 2018 recommended values, but the template will be updated when more recent values become available. This includes the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, which made the values of several constants exact (e.g. e), whereas some previously exactly defined constants acquired an uncertainty (e.g. μ₀).

Usage सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्

Arguments सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्

symbol: If set to yes, the value is preceded by the symbol of the constant, followed by ≈ or = depending on whether or not round is set.
round: If omitted, the value is shown along with its standard uncertainty. If set to an integer n, the value is rounded to the first n digits after the decimal point (retaining trailing zeros).
unit: If set to no, the unit of measurement is not shown.
ref: If set to no, no reference is given. If set to only, only the reference is given.
after: Text (e.g. punctuation) to be shown after the constant before the reference.
runc: If set to yes, this will provide only the relative standard uncertainty of the value and its reference.

Available constants सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्

Code	Constant	Value	Relative standard uncertainty
`a0`	Bohr radius	a₀ = ५.२९१७७२१०९०३(८०)×१०^−११मी	u_r(a₀) = १.५×१०^−१०^[१]
`alpha`	fine-structure constant	α = ७.२९७३५२५६९३(११)×१०^−३	u_r(α) = १.५×१०^−१०^[२]
`A90`	conventional ampere	A₉₀ = १.०००००००८८८७...A	u_r(A₉₀) = ०^[३]
`atm`	standard atmosphere	atm = १०१३२५Pa	u_r(atm) = ०^[४]
`bwien`	Wien wavelength displacement law constant	b = २.८९७७७१९५५...×१०^−३m⋅K	u_r(b) = ०^[५]
`bwien'`	Wien frequency displacement law constant	b′ = ५.८७८९२५७५७...×१०^१०Hz⋅K⁻¹	u_r(b′) = ०^[६]
`c`	speed of light	c = २९९७९२४५८m/s	u_r(c) = ०^[७]
`c1`	first radiation constant	c₁ = ३.७४१७७१८५२...×१०^−१६W⋅m²	u_r(c₁) = ०^[८]
`c1L`	first radiation constant for spectral radiance	c_1L = १.१९१०४२९७२...×१०^−१६W⋅m²⋅sr⁻¹	u_r(c_1L) = ०^[९]
`c2`	second radiation constant	c₂ = १.४३८७७६८७७...×१०^−२m⋅K	u_r(c₂) = ०^[१०]
`C90`	conventional coulomb	C₉₀ = १.०००००००८८८७...C	u_r(C₉₀) = ०^[११]
`DnuCs`	hyperfine structure transition frequency of caesium-133	Δν(¹³³Cs)_hfs = ९१९२६३१७७०Hz	u_r(Δν(¹³³Cs)_hfs) = ०^[१२]
`e`	elementary charge	e = १.६०२१७६६३४×१०^−१९C	u_r(e) = ०^[१३]
`Eh`	Hartree energy	E_h = ४.३५९७४४७२२२०७१(८५)×१०^−१८J	u_r(E_h) = १.९×१०^−१२^[१४]
`EheV`	Hartree energy in eV	E_h = २७.२११३८६२४५९८८(५३)eV	u_r(E_h) = १.९×१०^−१२^[१५]
`eps0`	vacuum electric permittivity	ε₀ = ८.८५४१८७८१२८(१३)×१०^−१२F⋅m⁻¹	u_r(ε₀) = १.५×१०^−१०^[१६]
`eV`	electronvolt	eV = १.६०२१७६६३४×१०^−१९J	u_r(eV) = ०^[१७]
`F`	Faraday constant	F = ९६४८५.३३२१२...C⋅mol⁻¹	u_r(F) = ०^[१८]
`F90`	conventional farad	F₉₀ = ०.९९९९९९९८२२०...F	u_r(F₉₀) = ०^[१९]
`G`	gravitational constant	G = ६.६७४३०(१५)×१०^−११m³⋅kg⁻¹⋅s⁻²	u_r(G) = २.२×१०^−५^[२०]
`G0`	conductance quantum	G₀ = ७.७४८०९१७२९...×१०^−५S	u_r(G₀) = ०^[२१]
`g0`	standard acceleration of gravity	g₀ = ९.८०६६५m⋅s⁻²	u_r(g₀) = ०^[२२]
`ge`	electron g-factor	g_e = Error in {{val}}: first argument is not a valid number or requires too much precision to display.	u_r(g_e) = १.७×१०^−१३^[२३]
`GF/hbarc3`	Fermi coupling constant	G_F/ħc³ = १.१६६३७८७(६)×१०^−५GeV⁻²	u_r(G_F/ħc³) = ५.१×१०^−७^[२४]
`gmu`	muon g-factor	g_μ = −२.००२३३१८४१८(१३)	u_r(g_μ) = ६.३×१०^−१०^[२५]
`gp`	proton g-factor	g_p = ५.५८५६९४६८९३(१६)	u_r(g_p) = २.९×१०^−१०^[२६]
`h`	Planck constant	h = ६.६२६०७०१५×१०^−३४J⋅s	u_r(h) = ०^[२७]
`H90`	conventional henry	H₉₀ = १.०००००००१७७९...H	u_r(H₉₀) = ०^[२८]
`hbar`	reduced Planck constant	ħ = १.०५४५७१८१७...×१०^−३४J⋅s	u_r(ħ) = ०^[२९]
`h/2me`	quantum of circulation	h/2m_e = ३.६३६९४७५५१६(११)×१०^−४m²⋅s⁻¹	u_r(h/2m_e) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[३०]
`invalpha`	inverse fine-structure constant	1/α = १३७.०३५९९९०८४(२१)	u_r(1/α) = १.५×१०^−१०^[३१]
`invG0`	inverse conductance quantum	G₀⁻¹ = १२९०६.४०३७२...Ω	u_r(G₀⁻¹) = ०^[३२]
`k`	Boltzmann constant	k = १.३८०६४९×१०^−२३J⋅K⁻¹	u_r(k) = ०^[३३]
`KJ`	Josephson constant	K_J = ४८३५९७.८४८४...×१०^९Hz⋅V⁻¹	u_r(K_J) = ०^[३४]
`KJ90`	conventional value of Josephson constant	K_J-90 = ४८३५९७.९×१०^९Hz⋅V⁻¹	u_r(K_J-90) = ०^[३५]
`lP`	Planck length	l_P = १.६१६२५५(१८)×१०^−३५मी	u_r(l_P) = १.१×१०^−५^[३६]
`MC12`	molar mass of carbon-12	M(¹²C) = ११.९९९९९९९९५८(३६)×१०^−३kg⋅mol⁻¹	u_r(M(¹²C)) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[३७]
`me`	electron mass	m_e = ९.१०९३८३७०१५(२८)×१०^−३१किलोग्राम	u_r(m_e) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[३८]
`mmu`	muon mass	m_μ = १.८८३५३१६२७(४२)×१०^−२८किलोग्राम	u_r(m_μ) = २.२×१०^−८^[३९]
`mn`	neutron mass	m_n = १.६७४९२७४९८०४(९५)×१०^−२७किलोग्राम	u_r(m_n) = ५.७×१०^−१०^[४०]
`mnDa`	neutron mass in daltons	m_n = १.००८६६४९१५९५(४९)Da	u_r(m_n) = ३.८×१०^−१०^[४१]
`mP`	Planck mass	m_P = २.१७६४३५(२४)×१०^−८किलोग्राम	u_r(m_P) = १.१×१०^−५^[४२]
`mp`	proton mass	m_p = १.६७२६२१९२३६९(५१)×१०^−२७किलोग्राम	u_r(m_p) = ३.१×१०^−१०^[४३]
`mpome`	proton-to-electron mass ratio	m_p/m_e = १८३६.१५२६७३४३(११)	u_r(m_p/m_e) = ६.०×१०^−११^[४४]
`mtau`	tau mass	m_τ = ३.१६७५४(२१)×१०^−२७किलोग्राम	u_r(m_τ) = ६.८×१०^−५^[४५]
`Mu`	molar mass constant	M_u = ०.९९९९९९९९९६५(३०)×१०^−३kg⋅mol⁻¹	u_r(M_u) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[४६]
`mu`	atomic mass constant	m_u = १.६६०५३९०६६६०(५०)×१०^−२७किलोग्राम	u_r(m_u) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[४७]
`muc2`	atomic mass constant energy equivalent	m_uc² = १.४९२४१८०८५६०(४५)×१०^−१०J	u_r(m_uc²) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[४८]
`mueV`	atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV	m_uc² = ९३१.४९४१०२४२(२८)MeV	u_r(m_uc²) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[४९]
`mu0`	vacuum magnetic permeability	μ₀ = १.२५६६३७०६२१२(१९)×१०^−६N⋅A⁻²	u_r(μ₀) = १.५×१०^−१०^[५०]
`muB`	Bohr magneton	μ_B = ९.२७४०१००७८३(२८)×१०^−२४J⋅T⁻¹	u_r(μ_B) = ३.०×१०^−१०^[५१]
`muN`	nuclear magneton	μ_N = ५.०५०७८३७४६१(१५)×१०^−२७J⋅T⁻¹	u_r(μ_N) = ३.१×१०^−१०^[५२]
`NA`	Avogadro constant	N_A = ६.०२२१४०७६×१०^२३mol⁻¹	u_r(N_A) = ०^[५३]
`NAh`	molar Planck constant	N_Ah = ३.९९०३१२७१२...×१०^−१०J⋅Hz⁻¹⋅mol⁻¹	u_r(N_Ah) = ०^[५४]
`ohm90`	conventional ohm	Ω₉₀ = १.०००००००१७७९...Ω	u_r(Ω₉₀) = ०^[५५]
`Phi0`	magnetic flux quantum	Φ₀ = २.०६७८३३८४८...×१०^−१५Wb	u_r(Φ₀) = ०^[५६]
`R`	gas constant	R = ८.३१४४६२६१८...J⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹	u_r(R) = ०^[५७]
`re`	classical electron radius	r_e = २.८१७९४०३२६२(१३)×१०^−१५मी	u_r(r_e) = ४.५×१०^−१०^[५८]
`Rinf`	Rydberg constant	R_∞ = १०९७३७३१.५६८१६०(२१)m⁻¹	u_r(R_∞) = १.९×१०^−१२^[५९]
`RK`	von Klitzing constant	R_K = २५८१२.८०७४५...Ω	u_r(R_K) = ०^[६०]
`RK90`	conventional value of von Klitzing constant	R_K-90 = २५८१२.८०७Ω	u_r(R_K-90) = ०^[६१]
`sigma`	Stefan–Boltzmann constant	σ = ५.६७०३७४४१९...×१०^−८W⋅m⁻²⋅K⁻⁴	u_r(σ) = ०^[६२]
`sigmae`	Thomson cross section	σ_e = ६.६५२४५८७३२१(६०)×१०^−२९m²	u_r(σ_e) = ९.१×१०^−१०^[६३]
`TP`	Planck temperature	T_P = १.४१६७८५(१६)×१०^३२K	u_r(T_P) = १.१×१०^−५^[६४]
`tP`	Planck time	t_P = ५.३९१२४५(६०)×१०^−४४s	u_r(t_P) = १.१×१०^−५^[६५]
`V90`	conventional volt	V₉₀ = १.००००००१०६६६...V	u_r(V₉₀) = ०^[६६]
`VmSi`	molar volume of silicon	V_m(Si) = १.२०५८८३१९९(६०)×१०^−५m³⋅mol⁻¹	u_r(V_m(Si)) = ४.९×१०^−८^[६७]
`W90`	conventional watt	W₉₀ = १.००००००१९५५३...W	u_r(W₉₀) = ०^[६८]
`Z0`	characteristic impedance of vacuum	Z₀ = ३७६.७३०३१३६६७(५७)Ω	u_r(Z₀) = १.५×१०^−१०^[६९]

Examples सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्

{{Physical constants|c|unit=no|after= [[metre per second|metres per second]].}}

२९९७९२४५८ metres per second.^[७]

{{Physical constants|mu0|symbol=yes}}

μ₀ = १.२५६६३७०६२१२(१९)×१०^−६N⋅A⁻²^[५०]

{{Physical constants|G|symbol=yes}}

G = ६.६७४३०(१५)×१०^−११m³⋅kg⁻¹⋅s⁻²^[२०]

{{Physical constants|hbar|round=2|symbol=yes}}

ħ ≈ १.०५×१०^−३४J⋅s^[२९]

The relative standard uncertainty of ''m''<sub>u</sub> is {{Physical constants|mu|runc=yes|after=.}}

The relative standard uncertainty of m_u is ३.०×१०^−१०.^[४७]

For the electron mass, {{Physical constants|me|runc=yes|symbol=yes|ref=no}}.

For the electron mass, u_r(m_e) = ३.०×१०^−१०.

NIST publishes the CODATA value of the [[elementary charge]].{{Physical constants|e|ref=only}}

NIST publishes the CODATA value of the elementary charge.^[१३]

References सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्

↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Bohr radius", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of ampere-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: standard atmosphere", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Wien wavelength displacement law constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Wien frequency displacement law constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ ^७.० ^७.१ "2018 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: first radiation constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: first radiation constant for spectral radiance", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: second radiation constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of coulomb-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-१८।
↑ ^१३.० ^१३.१ "2018 CODATA Value: elementary charge", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Hartree energy", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Hartree energy in eV", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०९-०१।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: electron volt", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Faraday constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of farad-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ ^२०.० ^२०.१ "2018 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conductance quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: standard acceleration of gravity", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: electron g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Fermi coupling constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: muon g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: proton g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, जुन २०१५, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०३-०८।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of henry-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ ^२९.० ^२९.१ "2018 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२८।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: quantum of circulation", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: inverse of conductance quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Josephson constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of Josephson constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck length", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: electron mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: muon mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२३।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२३।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: proton mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: proton-electron mass ratio", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: tau mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar mass constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ ^४७.० ^४७.१ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०७-२१।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०७-२१।
↑ ^५०.० ^५०.१ "2018 CODATA Value: vacuum magnetic permeability", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: nuclear magneton", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Avogadro constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of ohm-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: magnetic flux quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar gas constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: classical electron radius", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: von Klitzing constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of von Klitzing constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Thomson cross section", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck temperature", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck time", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of volt-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-२३।
↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of watt-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।
↑ Derived from Z₀ = μ₀c – "2018 CODATA Value: magnetic constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

माथिको कागजात ढाँचा:Physical constants/कागजातबाट समावेश गरिएको छ।
सम्पादकहरूले यस ढाँचाको प्रयोगस्थल र परीक्षण पृष्ठहरूमा प्रयोग गर्न सक्छन्।
/कागजात उपपृष्ठमा श्रेणीहरू थप्नुहोस्। यस ढाँचाका उपपृष्ठहरू।

[physconst-a0-1] "2018 CODATA Value: Bohr radius", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-alpha-2] "2018 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-A90-3] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of ampere-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-atm-4] "2018 CODATA Value: standard atmosphere", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-bwien-5] "2018 CODATA Value: Wien wavelength displacement law constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-bwienf-6] "2018 CODATA Value: Wien frequency displacement law constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-c-7] ७.० ^७.१ "2018 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-c1-8] "2018 CODATA Value: first radiation constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-c1L-9] "2018 CODATA Value: first radiation constant for spectral radiance", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-c2-10] "2018 CODATA Value: second radiation constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-C90-11] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of coulomb-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-DnuCs-12] "2018 CODATA Value: hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-१८।

[physconst-e-13] १३.० ^१३.१ "2018 CODATA Value: elementary charge", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-Eh-14] "2018 CODATA Value: Hartree energy", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-EheV-15] "2018 CODATA Value: Hartree energy in eV", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०९-०१।

[physconst-eps0-16] "2018 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-eV-17] "2018 CODATA Value: electron volt", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-F-18] "2018 CODATA Value: Faraday constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-F90-19] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of farad-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-G-20] २०.० ^२०.१ "2018 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-G0-21] "2018 CODATA Value: conductance quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-g0-22] "2018 CODATA Value: standard acceleration of gravity", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-ge-23] "2018 CODATA Value: electron g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-GF-24] "2018 CODATA Value: Fermi coupling constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-gmu-25] "2018 CODATA Value: muon g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-gp-26] "2018 CODATA Value: proton g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, जुन २०१५, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०३-०८।

[physconst-h-27] "2018 CODATA Value: Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-H90-28] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of henry-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-hbar-29] २९.० ^२९.१ "2018 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२८।

[physconst-h/2me-30] "2018 CODATA Value: quantum of circulation", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-invalpha-31] "2018 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-invG0-32] "2018 CODATA Value: inverse of conductance quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-k-33] "2018 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-KJ-34] "2018 CODATA Value: Josephson constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-KJ90-35] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of Josephson constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-lP-36] "2018 CODATA Value: Planck length", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-MC12-37] "2018 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-me-38] "2018 CODATA Value: electron mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-mmu-39] "2018 CODATA Value: muon mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-mn-40] "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२३।

[physconst-mnDa-41] "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२३।

[physconst-mP-42] "2018 CODATA Value: Planck mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-mp-43] "2018 CODATA Value: proton mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-mpome-44] "2018 CODATA Value: proton-electron mass ratio", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-mtau-45] "2018 CODATA Value: tau mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-Mu-46] "2018 CODATA Value: molar mass constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-mu-47] ४७.० ^४७.१ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-muc2-48] "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०७-२१।

[physconst-muc2eV-49] "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०७-२१।

[physconst-mu0-50] ५०.० ^५०.१ "2018 CODATA Value: vacuum magnetic permeability", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-muB-51] "2018 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-muN-52] "2018 CODATA Value: nuclear magneton", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-NA-53] "2018 CODATA Value: Avogadro constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-NAh-54] "2018 CODATA Value: molar Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-ohm90-55] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of ohm-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-Phi0-56] "2018 CODATA Value: magnetic flux quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-R-57] "2018 CODATA Value: molar gas constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-re-58] "2018 CODATA Value: classical electron radius", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-Rinf-59] "2018 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-RK-60] "2018 CODATA Value: von Klitzing constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-RK90-61] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of von Klitzing constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-sigma-62] "2018 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-sigmae-63] "2018 CODATA Value: Thomson cross section", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-TP-64] "2018 CODATA Value: Planck temperature", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-tP-65] "2018 CODATA Value: Planck time", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

[physconst-V90-66] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of volt-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-VmSi-67] "2018 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-२३।

[physconst-W90-68] "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of watt-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१।

[physconst-Z0-69] Derived from Z₀ = μ₀c – "2018 CODATA Value: magnetic constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।

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