"हमास" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर
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"Hamas" पृष्ठलाई अनुवाद गरि सृजना गरियो |
कुनै सम्पादन सारांश छैन |
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पङ्क्ति १:
{{Infobox political party
|country = प्यालेस्टाइन
|name = हमास
|native_name = {{lang|ar|<big>حركة المقاومة الاسلامية</big>}}
|colorcode = {{Hamas/meta/color}}
|logo =
|leader1_title = प्रमुख
|leader1_name = [[इस्माइल हनिया]]
|leader2_title = उप-प्रमुख
|leader2_name = [[मौसा अबु मार्जुक]][[Matthew Levitt]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=CG-AjU3rraQC&pg=PA44 ''Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad''], [[Yale University Press]], 2007 p. 44.</ref>
|spokesperson = फावजी बर्होयम
|foundation = {{Start date|1987}}
|ideology = {{plainlist|
* [[प्यालेस्टिनी राष्ट्रबाद]]
* [[सुन्नी]] [[इस्लाम]]<ref name="Dunning">Tristan Dunning, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vTp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 ''Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine''], [[Routledge]] 2016 p. 270.</ref>
* [[इस्लामिक राष्ट्रबाद]]<ref>Ekaterina Stepanova, [http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf "Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |date=March 10, 2016 }}, [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113.</ref><ref>Sujata Ashwarya Cheema, "Hamas and Politics in Palestine:Impact on Peace-Building", in Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YopTyDFI1U4C&pg=PA466 ''West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role''], Academic Foundation 2008 pp. 463–91 [465]: "Hamas considers [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] the main front of ''jihad'' and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The leaders of the organization argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. ... Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."</ref><ref>Meir Litvak, "Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism: The Case of Hamas", in Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TuaQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 ''Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age''], [[Frank Cass]], London and New York, 2004, pp. 156–57: "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist world view is shaped by its religious ideology."</ref>
* [[Islamic fundamentalism]]
* [[यहुदी बिरोधि]]<ref>[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA289&dq=antisemitic+hamas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhmPjr9qDbAhVHbVAKHcjyAl8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=antisemitic%20hamas&f=false Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1], ABC CLIO, Richard S. Levy, Dean Phillip Bell, William Collins Donahue, pp. 289, 358</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/02/opinions/hamas-has-not-changed-cristol-opinion/index.html|title=Don't be fooled by Hamas' rebranding|first=Jonathan|last=Cristol|website=CNN.com|access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hamas-extreme-not-makeover_us_58e3e8a5e4b09dbd42f3dafb|title=Hamas' Extreme (not) Makeover|first=Rabbi Abraham|last=Cooper|date=April 4, 2017|website=HuffingtonPost.com|access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref>}}
|position =
|religion = [[सुन्नी इस्लाम]]
|predecessor = प्यालेस्टिनी [[मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुड]]
|headquarters = [[गाजा पट्टी]]
|international = [[मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुड]]
|colours = हरियो
|seats1_title = [[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] (2006)
|seats1 = {{Composition bar|74|132|hex={{Hamas/meta/color}}}}
|website = {{URL|1=hamas.ps/en|2=hamas.ps/en}}
|flag = [[File:Flag of Hamas.svg|border|200px]]
}}
'''हमास''' ([[अरबी भाषा|अरबी]]: حماس ''Ḥamās'', an संक्षिप्त حركة المقاومة الاسلامية ''Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah'' ) प्यालेस्टाइनको सुन्नी is a Palestinian Sunni-[[इस्लाम धर्म|इस्लामिक]] कट्टरपन्थी संघठन हो । <ref>[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_H._Cordesman Anthony H. Cordesman]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-ud-Lj5zEC&pg=PA243 ''Peace and War: The Arab–Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century'']. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group Greenwood Publishing Group]. 2002. p. 243: "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine."</ref><ref>Meir Litvak. "Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty," in Asher Susser (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBTqq68ZvQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State'']. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Dayan_Center_for_Middle_Eastern_and_African_Studies Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies]. Tel Aviv University. 2008. p. 153: 'One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time,'</ref> यो संग यसको समाज सेवा बिभाग दवाह र सैन्य बिभाग इज दिन अल कास्सम ब्रिगेड रहेको छ। यो [[गाजा पट्टी]]लाई २००७ मा कब्जा गरे देखि त्यस क्षेत्रको अघोषित शासकीय निकाय रहेको छ । <ref name="Davis">Richard Davis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bmaFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 ''Hamas, Popular Support and War in the Middle East: Insurgency in the Holy Land''] [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge Routledge]. 2016. pp. 67–69.</ref><ref>Tariq Mukhimer.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=rEP5h76vX88C&pg=PR7 ''Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint'']. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan Palgrave Macmillan]. 2012. pp. vii, 57.</ref> यो अबधिमा यसले इजरायल संग धेरै युद्ध लड्यो । <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/gaza-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-halt-fighting|title=Gaza ceasefire: Israel and Palestinians agree to halt weeks of fighting|publisher=TheGuardian|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> यो संघठनलाई कयौं राष्ट्र तथा अन्तरास्ट्रिय संगठनले ,मुख्यतः [[इजरायल]] ,[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]],र [[युरोपेली संघ]], पूर्ण वा आंशिक आतंकबादी संगठन मान्छ । <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/hamas-terrorist-organisation-ecj-european-court-of-justice-eu-uk-palestinian-israel-a7860301.html|title=EU keeps Hamas on terror list, despite court ruling|date=27 March 2015|publisher=''Euractiv''|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf|title=Country reports on Terrorism|date=April 2006|website=state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/21/9-questions-about-israel-gaza-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/|title=9 questions about Israel-Gaza you were too embarrassed to ask|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=November 21, 2012|accessdate=January 6, 2018}}</ref> रसिया , चीन र टर्की यो नमान्ने केहि देशहरु हुन् ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-china-bank-is-not-the-issue-here-dude/|title=The China bank is not the issue here, dude|last=Davidovich|first=Joshua|date=December 18, 2013|website=Times of Israel|accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/why-palestine-supports-china-on-the-south-china-sea/|title=Why Palestine Supports China on the South China Sea|last=Ramani|first=Samuel|date=July 26, 2016|website=The Diplomat|accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Eke|first=Steven|title=Moscow risks anger over Hamas visit|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4769204.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=May 18, 2010|date=March 3, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Erdogan: 'Hamas is not a terrorist organization'|author=Lazaroff, T.|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Erdogan-Hamas-is-not-a-terrorist-organization|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=May 13, 2011|accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref>
Line १० ⟶ ४०:
२००६ को जनवरीमा भएको प्यालेस्टिनी संसदीय निर्वाचनमा, हमासले प्यालेस्टिनी संसदमा पि.एल.ओ सम्बद्ध फताह पार्टीलाई पराजित गर्दै बहुमत हासिल गर्यो । <ref name="BBC-Hamas-who">{{cite news|title=Who are Hamas?|publisher=BBC News|date=January 26, 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm|location=London}}</ref> उक्त निर्वाचन पछी , चौकडी ( अमेरिका , रसिया , संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ र युरोपेली संघ ) ले अहिंसा, इजरायललाई मान्यता दिने र पुर्व सम्झौताको पालाना गर्ने भावी सरकारको प्रतिबद्धता
सर्तमा बैदेशिक सहायता गर्ने प्रस्ताव गरेको थियो । हमासले उक्त प्रस्ताव अस्विकार गरे पछी चौकडीले बैदेशिक सहायता बन्द गर्यो र इजरायलले हमास नेतृत्वको प्रशासन माथि आर्थिक प्रतिबन्ध लगायो ।<ref>{{cite news|date=February 18, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/international/middleeast/18mideast.html|title=Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Steven|last=Erlanger|accessdate=April 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians">{{cite web|url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/68794.pdf|title=U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians|publisher=Congressional Research Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185858/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/68794.pdf|archivedate=August 26, 2014|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> २००७ मार्च मा , हमासको प्रधानमन्त्री इस्माइल हनियेह नेतृत्वको राष्ट्रिय एकताको सरकार बन्यो , तर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सहयोग जुटाउन असफल रह्यो ।
== शब्द-व्युपत्ति ==
''हमास '' ( [[अरबी भाषा]] حركة المقاومة الاسلامية or ''Harakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya'',) को आर्थ "इस्लामिक प्रतिरोधी आन्दोलन" हुन्छ . अरबिक शब्द "हमास" (حماس) को अर्थ " साहस" हुन्छ । <ref>Martha Crenshaw, John Pimlott. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j4p4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT415 ''International Encyclopedia of Terrorism'']. Routledge. 2015. p. 415.</ref> <ref name="Jefferis">Jennifer Jefferis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rzRpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 ''Hamas: Terrorism, Governance, and Its Future in Middle East Politics'']. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO ABC-CLIO]. 2016. p. 119.</ref><ref name="charter1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm|title=The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)|date=August 18, 1988|publisher=MidEast Web}}</ref>
== सन्दर्भ==
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