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"भियतनाम युद्ध" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

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दृश्यात्मकविकिपाठ
कुनै सम्पादन सारांश छैन
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पङ्क्ति १:
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Vietnam War<br />(Chiến tranh Việt Nam)
| partof = the [[Indochina Wars]] and the [[Coldशीत Warयुद्ध]]
| image = File:VNWarMontage.png
| image_size = 300px
पङ्क्ति ९:
Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level [[insurgency]] in December 1956,<ref name = "Olson Roberts 1991 67">{{Harvnb|Olson|Roberts|1991|p=67}}.{{cnf|date=September 2013}}</ref> whereas some view 26 September 1959 when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date.<ref name="WarBegan">[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960], The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–46; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.</ref>
| group="A"|name="start date"}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|1975|4|30}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=1|year1=1955|month2=04|day2=30|year2=1975}})
| place = [[दक्षिण भियतनाम]], [[उत्तर भियतनाम]], [[कम्बोडिया]], [[लाओस]], [[दक्षिण चीन समुन्द्र]], [[थाईल्याण्डको खाडी]]
| place = [[South Vietnam]], [[North Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[South China Sea]], [[Gulf of Thailand]]
| causes = Reunification of Vietnam (North Vietnam)<br />[[Containment Policy]] and [[Domino Theory]], [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]] (United States)
| territory = उत्तर र दक्षिण भियतनामको एकीकरण
पङ्क्ति १०२:
}}
| strength1 = '''≈1,420,000 (1968)'''<br />
{{flagu|South Vietnam}}: 850,000 (1968)<br />1,500,000 (1974–75)<ref>Le Gro, p. 28.</ref><br />
{{flagu|United States}}: 543,000 (April 1969)<br />{{flagu|South Korea|1949}}: 50,003<br />{{flagu|Thailand}}: 11,570<br />{{flagu|Australia}}: 7,672<br />{{flagu|Philippines|1936}}: 2,061<br />{{flagu|New Zealand}}: 552
{{flagu|United States}}: 543,000 (April 1969)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1851099610 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PR45&lpg=PR45&dq=peak+us+strength+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=peak%20us%20strength%20vietnam%20war&f=false |page=xlv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection |publisher=nps.gov}} (citing The first American ground combat troops landed in [[South Vietnam]] during March 1965, specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division, deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang, Vietnam, airfield. During the height of U.S. military involvement, 31 December 1968, the breakdown of allied forces were as follows: 536,100 U.S. military personnel, with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces (SVNAF) with 88,343 having been killed to date. At the war's end, there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action (MIA) and prisoners of war (POW). Source: Harry G. Summers Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.)</ref><br />{{flagu|South Korea|1949}}: 50,003<br />{{flagu|Thailand}}: 11,570<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802134052/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |archivedate=2 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 7 Nov 2017</ref><br />{{flagu|Australia}}: 7,672<br />{{flagu|Philippines|1936}}: 2,061<br />{{flagu|New Zealand}}: 552<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4VG4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=troops+both+sides+in+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=troops%20both%20sides%20in%20vietnam%20war&f=false |title=The A to Z of the Vietnam War |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-1461719038}}</ref>
| strength2 = '''≈860,000''' (1967)<br />
{{flagu|North Vietnam}}: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Viet Cong)<br />{{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} Viet Cong: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)<ref>Doyle, '''The North''', pp. 45–49</ref><ref name="AtoZ"/><br />{{flagu|China|1949}}: 170,000 (1967)<br />{{flagu|North Korea|1948}}: 200
{{flagu|North Vietnam}}: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Viet Cong)<ref>Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.”. According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} Viet Cong: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)<ref>Doyle, '''The North''', pp. 45–49</ref><ref name="AtoZ"/><br />{{flagu|China|1949}}: 170,000 (1967)<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |accessdate=24 December 2013 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=16 May 1989}}</ref><ref name="Roy|1998">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |title=China's Foreign Relations |year=1998 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0847690138 |page=27}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com.vn">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&pg=PA176 |title=China and Vietnam |publisher= |isbn=978-0521618342 |author1=Womack |first1=Brantly |date=2006-02-13}}</ref><br />{{flagu|North Korea|1948}}: 200<ref>{{cite web |author=Pham Thi Thu Thuy |url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ |title=The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations |date=1 August 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2016 |publisher=NK News}}</ref>
| commander1 = {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|†]] <br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]]<br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Cao Văn Viên]]<br /> {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngô Quang Trưởng]]<br /> {{flagicon|US|1960}} [[John F. Kennedy]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] <br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Richard Nixon]]<br /> {{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Gerald Ford]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Robert McNamara]]<br /> {{flagicon|US|1960}} [[William Westmoreland]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Creighton Abrams]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Frederick C. Weyand]]<br />{{flagicon|South Korea|1949}} [[Park Chung-hee]]<br />{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Robert Menzies]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Harold Holt]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John McEwen]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Gorton]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[William McMahon]]<br /> {{flagicon|PHI|1936}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]]<br /> {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Keith Holyoake]]<br />{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Jack Marshall]]<br />{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Norman Kirk]]<br />{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Chiang Kai-Shek]]<br />[[Leaders of the Vietnam War|…''and others'']]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh]]<br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Duẩn]] <br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]]<br /> {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Văn Tiến Dũng]] <br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Trọng Tấn]]<br /> {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]] <br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Hoàng Văn Thái]] <br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Trần Văn Trà]]<br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]]<br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]] <br /> <br />[[Leaders of the Vietnam War|…''and others'']]
| casualties1 = '''{{flagu|South Vietnam}}'''<br />195,000–430,000 civilian dead–313,000 military dead<br /> 1,170,000 wounded<br />
| casualties1 = '''{{flagu|South Vietnam}}'''<br />195,000–430,000 civilian dead<ref name="Hirschman"/><ref name = "Lewy 1978 450_453">{{Harvnb|Lewy|1978|pp=450–53}}.</ref><ref name="Thayer 1">{{Harvnb|Thayer|1985|loc=chap. 12}}.</ref><br />254,256<ref>Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), ''United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973'', Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"</ref>–313,000 military dead<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997>{{citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |year=1997 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |format=GIF |title=Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System}}</ref><br /> 1,170,000 wounded<ref name="ReferenceA">Tucker, Spencer E. ''The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|1851099611}}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|United States|1960}}'''<br />58,220 dead;<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Wars Fact Sheet|url=https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref> 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care){{refn|The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care<ref>{{cite report |title=America's Wars |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |publisher=Department of Veterans Affairs |date=May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |archivedate=24 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the CRS ([[Congressional Research Service]]) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010,<ref>{{cite report |date=26 February 2010 |title=American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |author1=Anne Leland |author2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|pp=65, 107, 154, 217}}</ref> Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary ''Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975'' cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths,<ref name="aaron">{{cite video |people=Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Heart-Darkness-Vietnam-Chronicles-1945-1975/dp/B000GDIBT8 |title=Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 |format=Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software |medium=Documentary |publisher=Koch Vision |time=321 minutes |isbn=1417229209}}</ref> and the 2007 book ''Vietnam Sons'' gives a figure of 58,226)<ref>Kueter, Dale. ''Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended.'' AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). {{ISBN|978-1425969318}}</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}}<br />
'''{{flagu|South Korea|1949}}'''<br />5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing<br />
'''{{flagu|Australia}}'''<br />521 dead; 3,129 wounded<br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 &#124; Australian War Memorial |publisher=Awm.gov.au |accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Thailand}}'''<br />351 dead; 1,358 wounded<refbr />The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
'''{{flagu|New Zealand}}'''<br />37 dead; 187 wounded<br />
By Spencer C. Tucker "https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC"</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Taiwan}}'''<br />25 dead;<br />
'''{{flagu|New Zealand}}'''<br />37 dead; 187 wounded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam &#124; VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War |publisher=Vietnamwar.govt.nz |date=16 July 1965 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |archivedate=26 July 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Philippines|1936}}'''<br />9 dead;
'''{{flagu|Taiwan}}'''<br />25 dead;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ |title=America Wasn’t the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War |accessdate=10 June 2017 }}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Philippines|1936}}'''<br />9 dead;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |title=Chapter III: The Philippines |publisher=History.army.mil |accessdate=24 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203725/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |archivedate=29 October 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 64 wounded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf |title=Asian Allies in Vietnam |publisher=Embassy of South Vietnam |date=March 1970 |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref>
 
'''Total military dead: 318,568–377,311'''<br />'''Total wounded: ≈1,340,000+<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />'''
| casualties2 = {{flagdeco|North Vietnam}}{{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''North Vietnam & Viet Cong'''<br />65,000 civilian dead<ref name="Lewy 1978 450_453"/><br /> 849,018 military dead<ref>{{cite web|url=http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc|title=Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản%20lý%20chỉ%20đạo/Chuyên%20đề%204.doc|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="AP">Associated Press, 3 April 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."</ref><br /> 600,000+ wounded<ref>Soames, John. ''A History of the World'', Routledge, 2005.</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|China|1949}}'''<br />≈1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded<ref name="books.google.com.vn"/><br />
'''{{flagu|North Korea|1948}}'''<br />14 dead<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |publisher=BBC News |date=31 March 2000 |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref>
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