"पद्मसम्भव" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

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'''पद्मसम्भव''' वा '''आचार्य पद्मसम्भव''' भारतीय [[वज्रयान]] बौद्ध धर्मको एक तान्त्रिक महासिद्ध थिए जसले तिब्बत, भुटान र नेपाल आदि मुलुकहरूमा [[वज्रयान]] सम्प्रदायको स्थापन गर्नु भएको थियो। विशेष गरी आचार्य पद्मसम्भव लाई [[ञिङमा]] साम्प्रदायिक अनुयायी हरूले महागुरुको रूपमा मानिन्छ।
'''पद्मसम्भव'''<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-1|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 1]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references"></span> (lit. "Lotus-Born"), also known as '''Guru Rinpoche''', was an 8th-century Indian [[बुद्ध धर्म|Buddhist]] master. Although there was a historical Padmasambhava, nothing is known of him apart from helping the construction of the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet at Samye, at the behest of Trisong Detsen,<ref name="tthr"><cite class="citation book">Kværne, Per (2013). </cite></ref> and shortly thereafter leaving Tibet due to court intrigues.<ref name="Schaik 2011, page 34-5">Schaik, Sam van. </ref> According to Chinese legends, Padmasambhava might very well have been Xuangzhang, the legendary translator of Chinese Sutras.
 
A number of legends have grown around Padmasambhava's life and deeds, and he is widely venerated as a 'second Buddha' across Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Himalayan states of India.<ref name="EB"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Padmasambhava "Padmasambhava"]. </cite></ref><ref name="princeton"><cite class="citation book">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Jr., Donald S. (2013). </cite></ref>
 
In [[तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्म|Tibetan Buddhism]], he is a character of a genre of literature called terma,<ref name="Schaik 2011, page 34-5">Schaik, Sam van. </ref> an emanation of Amitābha that is said to appear to tertöns in visionary encounters and a focus of guru yoga practice, particularly in the Rimé schools. The [[ञिङमा|Nyingma]] school considers Padmasambhava to be a founder of their tradition.<ref><cite class="citation book">Harvey, Peter (2008). </cite></ref>
 
== पौराणिक कथा ==
 
=== Sources ===
Nyangrel Nyima Özer (1136-1204) was the principal architect of the Padmasambhava mythos according to Janet Gyatso.<ref name="thlib.org"><cite class="citation journal">Gyatso, Janet (August 2006). </cite></ref> Guru Chöwang (1212–1270) was the next major contributor to the mythos.<ref name="thlib.org"><cite class="citation journal">Gyatso, Janet (August 2006). </cite></ref>
 
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries there were several competing terma traditions surrounding Padmasambhava, Vimalamitra, [[स्रङचङ गम्पो|Songtsän Gampo]], and Vairotsana.<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. ''Tibetan Renaissance''. pg 229. </ref> At the end of the 12th century, there was the "victory of the Padmasambhava cult,"<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. ''Tibetan Renaissance''. pg 278. </ref> in which a much greater role is assigned to the role of Padmasambhava in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet.<ref name="Schaik 2011, page 96">Schaik, Sam van. </ref>
 
=== Early years ===
 
==== Birth ====
According to tradition, Padmasambhava was incarnated as an eight-year-old child appearing in a lotus blossom floating in Lake Dhanakosha, in the kingdom of Oddiyana.<ref>Trungpa (2001) 26. </ref> While some scholars locate this kingdom in the Swat Valley area of modern-day [[पाकिस्तान|Pakistan]], a case on literary, archaeological, and iconographical grounds can be made for placing it in the present-day state of [[ओडिशा|Odisha]] in India.<ref name="keown"><cite class="citation book">Keown, Damien (2003). </cite></ref> Padmasambhava's special nature was recognized by the childless local king of Oḍḍiyāna and was chosen to take over the kingdom, but he left Oddiyana for northern parts of India.<ref>Morgan (2010) 208.</ref><ref>Tsogyal (1973) volume I deals with Padmasambhava's life in India.</ref>
 
==== Tantra in India and Nepal ====
[[File:Shrine_to_Mandarava_in_cave_above_Lake_Rewalsar.jpg|right|thumb|Statue of Princess Mandarava at Rewalsar Lake.]]
In Rewalsar, known as Tso Pema in Tibetan, he secretly taught [[तन्त्र|tantric teachings]] to princess Mandarava, the local king's daughter. The king found out and tried to burn him, but it is believed that when the smoke cleared he just sat there, still alive and in meditation. Greatly astonished by this miracle, the king offered Padmasambhava both his kingdom and Mandarava.<ref>Lama Chonam and Sangye Khandro, translators. </ref>
 
Padmasambhava left with Mandarava, and took to Maratika Cave<ref>http://www.treasuryoflives.org/institution/Maratika</ref> in Nepal to practice secret tantric consort rituals. They had a vision of buddha Amitāyus and achieved what is called the "phowa rainbow body,"<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-17" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-17|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 2]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-17" rel="dc:references"></span> a very rare type of spiritual realization. <span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-18" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-18|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 3]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-18" rel="dc:references"></span> Both Padmasambhava and one of his consorts, Mandarava, are still believed to be alive and active in this rainbow body form by their followers. She and Padmasambhava's other main consort, Yeshe Tsogyal, who reputedly hid his numerous ''terma''s in Tibet for later discovery, reached Buddhahood. Many [[थान्का|thangkas]] and paintings show Padmasambhava in between them, with Mandarava on his right and Yeshe Tsogyal on his left.<ref>http://www.treasuryoflives.org/paintings/view/Padmasambhava/35</ref>
 
=== Tibet ===
 
==== Subjection of local religions ====
According to Sam van Schaik, from the 12th century on a greater role was assigned to Padmasambhava in the introduction of tantric Buddhism into Tibet:
 
According to this enlarged story, King Trisong Detsen, the 38th king of the Yarlung dynasty and the first Emperor of Tibet (742–797), invited the [[नालन्दा|Nalanda]] University abbot Śāntarakṣita (Tibetan ''Shiwatso'') to Tibet.{{Sfn|Snelling|1987|p=198}} Śāntarakṣita started the building of Samye.{{Sfn|Snelling|1987|p=198}} Demonical forces hindered the introduction of the Buddhist dharma, and Padmasambhava was invited to Tibet to subdue the demonic forces.{{Sfn|Snelling|1987|p=196, 198}} The demons were not annihilated, but were obliged to submit to the dharma.{{Sfn|Snelling|1987}}<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-23" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-23|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 4]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-23" rel="dc:references"></span> This was in accordance with the tantric principle of not eliminating negative forces but redirecting them to fuel the journey toward spiritual awakening. According to tradition, Padmasambhava received the Emperor's wife, identified with the dakini Yeshe Tsogyal, as a consort.<ref>'Guru Rinpoche' and 'Yeshe Tsogyal' in: Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2013). </ref>
 
==== Translations ====
[[File:Padmasambhava,_budha_amithayuh_statues,_bailakkuppa.jpg|thumb|Statues of Padmasambhava, Buddha and Amitayus at Namdroling Monastery.]]
King Trisong Detsen ordered the translation of all Buddhist [[अछामे|Dharma]] Texts into Tibetan. Padmasambhava, Shantarakṣita, 108 translators, and 25 of Padmasambhava's nearest disciples worked for many years in a gigantic translation-project. The translations from this period formed the base for the large scriptural transmission of Dharma teachings into Tibet. Padmasambhava supervised mainly the translation of [[तन्त्र|Tantra]]; Shantarakshita concentrated on the [[सूत्र (हिन्दु धर्म)|Sutra]]-teachings.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
 
==== Nyingma ====
Padmasambhava introduced the people of Tibet to the practice of [[बज्रयान|Tantric Buddhism]].{{Sfn|Snelling|1987}}{{Sfn|Harvey|1995}}
 
He is regarded as the founder of the Nyingma tradition. The Nyingma tradition is the oldest of the four major schools of [[तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्म|Tibetan Buddhism]].<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-27" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-27|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 5]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-27" rel="dc:references"></span> The Nyingma tradition actually comprises several distinct lineages that all trace their origins to Padmasambhava.
 
"Nyingma" literally means "ancient," and is often referred to as "Nga'gyur" "<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-28" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-28|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 6]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-28" rel="dc:references"></span> or the "early translation school" because it is founded on the first translations of Buddhist scriptures from [[संस्कृत|Sanskrit]] into Tibetan, in the eighth century.<span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-29" rel="dc:references">[[#cite_note-29|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[note 7]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-29" rel="dc:references"></span>
 
The group particularly believes in hidden terma treasures. Traditionally, Nyingmapa practice was advanced orally among a loose network of lay practitioners. Monasteries with celibate monks and nuns, along with the practice of reincarnated spiritual leaders are later adaptations,<ref name="Sherpa Window"><cite class="citation book">Sherpa, Lhakpa Norbu (2008). </cite></ref> though Padmasambhava is regarded as the founder of Samye Gompa, the first monastery in the country.{{Sfn|Norbu|1987|p=162}} In modern times the Nyingma lineage has been centered in Kham in eastern Tibet.
 
=== Bhutan ===
[[भूटान|Bhutan]] has many important pilgrimage places associated with Padmasambhava. The most famous is [[पारो ताकसाङ|Paro Taktsang]] or "Tiger's Nest" monastery which is built on a sheer cliff wall about 500m above the floor of Paro valley. It was built around the ''Taktsang Senge Samdup (stag tshang seng ge bsam grub) cave'' where he is said to have meditated in the 8th Century. He flew there from Tibet on the back of Yeshe Tsogyal, whom he transformed into a flying tigress for the purpose of the trip. {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} Later he travelled to Bumthang district to subdue a powerful deity offended by a local king. According to legend, Padmasambhava's body imprint can be found in the wall of a cave at nearby Kurje Lhakhang temple. {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}
 
== Iconography, manifestations and attributes ==
 
=== Iconography ===
[[File:Paro_Padmasambhava.jpg|right|thumb|Padmasambhava. Wall painting at Paro bridge (Bhutan)]]
 
==== General ====
* He has one face and two hands.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref><ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref>
* He is wrathful and smiling.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref>
* He blazes magnificently with the splendour of the major and minor marks.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref>
 
==== Head ====
* On his head he wears a five-petalled lotus hat,<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref> which has
** Three points symbolizing the three kayas,
** Five colours symbolizing the five kayas,
** A sun and moon symbolizing skilful means and wisdom,
** A vajra top to symbolize unshakable samadhi,
** A vulture's feather to represent the realization of the highest view.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref>
* His two eyes are wide open in a piercing gaze.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref>
* He has the youthful appearance of an eight-year old child.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref>
 
==== Skin ====
 
==== Dress ====
* On his body he wears a white vajra undergarment. On top of this, in layers, a red robe, a dark blue mantrayana tunic, a red monastic shawl decorated with a golden flower pattern, and a maroon cloak of silk brocade.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref>
* On his body he wears a silk cloak, Dharma robes and gown.<ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
* He is wearing the dark blue gown of a mantra practitioner, the red and yellow shawl of a monk, the maroon cloak of a king, and the red robe and secret white garments of a bodhisattva.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref>
 
==== Hands ====
* In his right hand, he holds a five-pronged vajra at his heart.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref><ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
* His left hand rests in the gesture of equanimity,<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref>
* In his left hand he holds a skull-cup brimming with nectar, containing the vase of longevity that is also filled with the nectar of deathless wisdom<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref><ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref> and ornamented on top by a wish-fulfilling tree.<ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
 
==== Khatvanga ====
The khaṭvāńga is a particular divine attribute of Padmasambhava and intrinsic to his iconographic representation. It is a danda with three severed heads denoting the three kayas (the three bodies of a Buddha, the dharmakaya, sambhogakaya, and nirmanakaya), crowned by a trishula, and dressed with a sash of the Himalayan Rainbow or Five Pure Lights of the Mahabhuta. The iconography is utilized in various Tantric cycles by practitioners as symbols to hidden meanings in transmitted practices.
* Cradled in his left arm he holds the three-pointed khatvanga (trident) symbolizing the Princess consort Mandarava, one of his two main consorts.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref> who arouses the wisdom of bliss and emptiness, concealed as the three-pointed khatvanga trident.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref> Other sources say that the khatvanga represents the Lady Yeshe Tsogyal, his primary consort and main disciple.<ref>John Huntington and Dina Bangdel. </ref>
* Its three points represent the essence, nature and compassionate energy (ngowo, rangshyin and tukjé).<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
* Below these three prongs are three severed heads, dry, fresh and rotten, symbolizing the dharmakaya, sambhogakaya and nirmanakaya.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
* Nine iron rings adorning the prongs represent the nine yanas.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
* Five-coloured strips of silk symbolize the five wisdoms<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref>
* The khatvanga is also adorned with locks of hair from dead and living mamos and dakinis, as a sign that the Master subjugated them all when he practised austerities in the Eight Great Charnel Grounds.<ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
 
==== Seat ====
* He is seated with his two feet in the royal posture.<ref name="Wangpo">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, ''Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience'']</ref><ref name="Drakpa">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path Chökyi Drakpa, ''A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices''].</ref><ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
 
==== Surrounding ====
* All around him, within a lattice of five-coloured light, appear the eight vidyadharas of India, the twenty-five disciples of Tibet, the deities of the three roots, and an ocean of oath-bound protectors<ref name="Patrul">[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro Patrul Rinpoche, ''Brief Guide to the Ngöndro Visualization'']</ref>
There are further iconographies and meanings in more advanced and secret stages.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
 
=== Eight Manifestations ===
[[File:Ss459-319-068-WrathfulPadma-1.jpg|right|thumb|A wrathful manifestation of Padmasambhava]]
Padmasambhava is said to have taken eight forms or manifestations (Tib. ''Guru Tsen Gye'') representing different aspects of his being, such as wrath or pacification for example. According to Rigpa Shedra the eight principal forms were assumed by Guru Rinpoche at different points in his life. The Eight Manifestations of Padmasambhava belong to the tradition of the Revealed Treasures (Tib.: ter ma).<ref>Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche [http://www.turtlehill.org/khen/eman.html ''The Eight Emanations Of Guru Padmasambhava'']; Rigpawiki [http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Eight_Manifestations_of_Guru_Rinpoche ''Eight Manifestations of Guru Rinpoche'']; For the eight manifestations as terma, see: [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/261.html ''Padmasambhava - 8 Froms: Dorje Drolo''].</ref>
* ''' Guru Orgyen Dorje Chang''' (Wylie: ''gu ru U-rgyan rDo-rje 'chang'', Sanskrit: ''Guru Uddiyana Vajradhara'') The vajra-holder (Skt. Vajradhara), shown dark blue in color in the attire of the Sambhogakaya. Depicted in union with consort. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/403.html (See image + description)]
* ''' Guru Shakya Senge''' (Wylie: ''shAkya seng-ge'', Skrt: ''Guru Śākyasimha'') of Bodh Gaya, Lion of the Sakyas, who learns the Tantric practices of the eight Vidyadharas. He is shown as a fully ordained Buddhist monk. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/71953.html (See image)]
* ''' Guru Pema Gyalpo''' (Wylie: ''gu ru pad ma rgyal-po'', Skrt: ''Guru Padmarāja'') of Uddiyana, the Lotus Prince, king of the Tripitaka (the Three Collections of Scripture). He is shown looking like a young crowned prince or king. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/260.html (See image + description)]
* ''' Guru Pema Jungne''' (Wylie: ''pad ma 'byung-gnas'', Skrt: ''Guru Padmakara'') Lotus-arisen, the Saviour who teaches the Dharma to the people. He is shown sitting on a lotus, dressed in the three robes of a monk, under which he wears a blue shirt, pants and heavy Tibetan boots, as protection against the cold. He holds the diamond-scepter of compassionate love in his right hand and the yogi's skull-bowl of clear wisdom in his left. He has a special trident called khatvanga of a wandering Yogi, and wears on his head a Nepalese cloth crown, stylistically designed to remind one of the shape of a lotus flower. Thus he is represented as he must have appeared in Tibet. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/361.html (See image + description)], on wikimedia commons
* ''' Guru Loden Chokse''' (Wylie: ''gu ru blo ldan mchog sred''; Skrt: ''Guru Mativat Vararuci''{{Sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}) of Kashmir, the Intelligent Youth, the one who gathers the knowledge of all worlds. He is shown in princely clothes, beating a hand-drum and holding a skull-bowl. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/670.html (See image + description)]
* ''' Guru Nyima Ozer''' (Wylie: ''gu ru nyi-ma 'od-zer'', Skrt: ''Guru Suryabhasa'' or ''Sūryaraśmi''{{Sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}), the Sunray Yogi, who illuminates the darkness of the mind through the insight of Dzogchen. He is shown as a naked yogi dressed only in a loin-cloth and holding a Khatvanga which points towards the sun. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/317.html (See image + description)]
* ''' Guru Dorje Drolo''', (Wylie: ''gu ru rDo-rje gro-lod'', Skrt: ''Guru Vajra ?'') the fierce manifestation of Vajrakilaya (wrathful Vajrasattva) known as "Diamond Guts", the comforter of all, imprinting the elements with Wisdom-Treasure. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/261.html (See image + description)]
* ''' Guru Senge Dradog''' (Wylie: ''gu ru seng-ge sgra-sgrogs'', Skrt: ''Guru Simhanāda''{{Sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}) of Nalanda University, the Lion of Debate, promulgator of the Dharma throughout the six realms of sentient beings. He is shown in a very fierce form, dark blue and imitative of the powerful Bodhisattva Vajrapani, holding a thunderbolt scepter in one hand and a scorpion in the other. [http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/3313787.html (See image)]
Padmasambhava's various Sanskrit names are preserved in mantras such as those found in the Yang gsang rig 'dzin youngs rdzogs kyi blama guru mtshan brgyad bye brag du sgrub pa ye shes bdud rtsi'i sbrang char zhe bya ba{{Sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}
 
=== Attributes ===
 
==== Pure-land Paradise ====
His Pureland Paradise is Zangdok Palri (the Copper-Coloured Mountain).<ref>Schmidt and Binder 1993, pp. 252-53.</ref>
 
==== Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri ====
Padmasambhava said:
 
== Teachings and practices ascribed to Padmasambhava ==
 
=== The Vajra Guru mantra ===
[[File:Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg|thumb|The Vajra Guru Mantra in [[रञ्जना लिपि|Lanydza]] and [[तिब्बती लिपि|Tibetan script]].]]
The ''Vajra Guru'' (Padmasambhava) [[मन्त्र|mantra]] ''Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum'' is favoured and held in esteem by sadhakas. Like most Sanskritic mantras in Tibet, the Tibetan pronunciation demonstrates dialectic variation and is generally ''Om Ah Hung Benza Guru Pema Siddhi Hung''. In the Vajrayana traditions, particularly of the [[ञिङमा|Nyingmapa]], it is held to be a powerful mantra engendering [[wiktionary:communion|communion]] with the Three Vajras of Padmasambhava's mindstream and by his grace, all enlightened beings.<ref>Sogyal Rinpoche (1992). </ref> In response to Yeshe Tsogyal's request, the Great Master himself explained the meaning of the mantra although there are larger secret meanings too.<ref>[http://www.padmaworldpeace.org/resources-VGMexplained.html Khenpo Namdrol's Padmasambhava Global Project for World Peace]</ref> The 14th century tertön Karma Lingpa has a famous commentary on the mantra.<ref>[http://www.rinpoche.com/gurumantra.html Benefits and Advantages of the Vajra Guru Mantra]</ref>
 
=== The Seven Line Prayer to Padmasambhava ===
The Seven Line Prayer to Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) is a famous prayer that is recited by many Tibetans daily and is said to contain the most sacred and important teachings of Dzogchen.
 
Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso composed a famous commentary to the Seven Line Prayer called ''White Lotus''. It explains the meanings, which are embedded in many levels and intended to catalyze a process of realization. These hidden teachings are described as ripening and deepening, in time, with study and with contemplation.<ref>[http://www.wisdom-books.com/ProductExtract.asp?PID=17074 ''White Lotus: An Explanation of the Seven-line Prayer to Guru Padmasambhava'' by Mipham Rinpoche, Ju and translated by the Padmakara Translation Group]</ref> Tulku Thondup says:<blockquote class="">Enshrining the most sacred prayer to Guru Padmasambhava, ''White Lotus'' elucidates its five layers of meaning as revealed by the eminent scholar Ju Mipham. This commentary now makes this treasure, which has been kept secret among the great masters of Tibet for generations, available as a source of blessings and learning for all.</blockquote>There is also a shorter commentary, freely available, by Tulku Thondup himself.<ref>[http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/7_Line_Prayer_To_Guru_Rinpoche/7lnpryr.htm Commentary on the Seven Line Prayer to Guru Rinpoche]</ref> There are many other teachings and Termas and widely practiced tantric cycles incorporating the text as well as brief ones such as Terma Revelation of Guru Chöwang.<ref>[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/guru-chowang/seven-line-prayer Lotsawa House|Seven Line Prayer, Accomplishing the Lama through the Seven Line Prayer: A Special Teaching from the Lama Sangdü, The Terma Revelation of Guru Chöwang]</ref>
 
=== Termas ===
Padmasambhava also hid a number of religious treasures (''termas'') in lakes, caves, fields and forests of the [[हिमालय|Himalayan]] region to be found and interpreted by future ''tertöns'' or spiritual treasure-finders.<ref>Laird (2006) 90.</ref> According to Tibetan tradition, the Bardo Thodol (commonly referred to as the Tibetan Book of the Dead) was among these hidden treasures, subsequently discovered by a Tibetan terton, Karma Lingpa.
 
=== Tantric cycles ===
Tantric cycles related to Padmasambhava are not just practiced by the [[ञिङमा|Nyingma]], they even gave rise to a new offshoot of Bon which emerged in the 14th century called the New Bön. Prominent figures of the Sarma (new translation) schools such as the Karmapas and Sakya lineage heads have practiced these cycles and taught them. Some of the greatest tertons revealing teachings related to Padmasambhava have been from the Kagyu or Sakya lineages. The hidden lake temple of the Dalai Lamas behind the Potala called Lukhang is dedicated to Dzogchen teachings and has murals depicting the eight manifestations of Padmasambhava.<ref>[http://www.asianart.com/articles/baker/index.html Ian A. Baker: The Lukhang: A hidden temple in Tibet].</ref> Padmasambhava established Vajrayana Buddhism and the highest forms of Dzogchen (Mengagde) in Tibet and transformed the entire nation.
 
== Consorts and twenty five main disciples ==
Many of those who gathered around Padmasambhava became advanced tantric practitioners as well as helping to found and propagate the [[ञिङमा|Nyingma]] tradition. The most prominent of these include Padmasambhava's five main female consorts, also known as dakinis and his twenty five main disciples.
 
=== The five main consorts or five wisdom dakinis ===
[[File:Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg|right|thumb|Padmasambhava in yab-yum form with his Shakti]]
Padmasambhava had five main female tantric companions, beginning in India before his time in Tibet and then in Tibet as well. When seen from an outer, or perhaps even historical or mythological perspective, these five women from across [[दक्षिण एसिया|South Asia]] were known as the ''Five Consorts.'' That the women come from very different geographic regions is understood as mandala, a support for Padmasambhava in spreading the [[अछामे|dharma]] throughout the region.
 
Yet, when understood from a more inner tantric perspective, these same women are understood not as ordinary women but as dakinis; from this point of view, they are known as the "Five Wisdom Dakinis" (Wylie: ''Ye-shes mKha-'gro lnga''). Each of these consorts is believed to be an emanation of the tantric yidam, Vajravārāhī.<ref>Dowman, Keith. (1984). </ref> As one author writes of these relationships:
 
In summary, the five consorts/wisdom dakinis were:
* Yeshe Tsogyal of [[तिब्बत|Tibet]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Speech (Tibetan: ''gsung''; [[संस्कृत|Sanskrit]]: ''vāk'');
* Mandarava of Zahor, northeast [[भारत|India]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Body (Tibetan: ''sku''; Sanskrit: ''kāya'');
* Belwong Kalasiddhi of northwest [[भारत|India]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Quality (Tibetan: ''yon-tan''; Sanskrit: ''gūna'');
* Belmo Sakya Devi of [[नेपाल|Nepal]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Mind (Tibetan: ''thugs''; Sanskrit: ''citta''); and
* Tashi Kyedren (or Chidren) (sometimes called Mangala) of [[भूटान|Bhutan]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Activity (Tibetan: ''phrin-las''; Sanskrit: ''karma'').<ref>Tibetan Wylie transliteration and Sanskrit transliteration are found in Dowman, Keith. (1984). </ref>
While there are very few sources on the lives of Kalasiddhi, Sakya Devi, and Tashi Kyedren, there are extant biographies of both Yeshe Tsogyal and Mandarava that have been translated into English and other western languages.
 
=== The 'Twenty-five Main Disciples' of Padmasambhava ===
The Twenty Five Main Disciples ({{Bo|w=rje 'bangs nyer lnga|t=རྗེ་འབངས་ཉེར་ལྔ}}རྗེ་འབངས་ཉེར་ལྔ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''rje 'bangs nyer lnga''<span></span>
[[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]]
) also called the disciples of Chimphu.<ref>[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Samye_Chimphu RigpaShedra]</ref> In various lists these include:
* King Trisong Detsen ({{Bo|t=ཁྲི་སྲོང་ལྡེའུ་བཏཟན|w=khri srong lde'u btzan}}ཁྲི་སྲོང་ལྡེའུ་བཏཟན&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''khri srong lde'u btzan''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Denma Tsémang ({{Bo|t=ལྡན་མ་རྩེ་མང|w=ldan ma rtse mang}}ལྡན་མ་རྩེ་མང&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''ldan ma rtse mang''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Dorje Dudjom of Nanam ({{Bo|t=རྡོ་རྗེ་བདུད་འཇོམ|w=rdo rje bdud 'joms}}རྡོ་རྗེ་བདུད་འཇོམ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''rdo rje bdud 'joms''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Khyechung Lotsawa ({{Bo|t=ཁྱེའུ་ཆུང་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ|w=khye'u chung lo tsā ba}}ཁྱེའུ་ཆུང་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''khye'u chung lo tsā ba''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Gyalwa Changchub of Lasum ({{Bo|t=ལ་སུམ་རྒྱལ་བ་བྱང་ཆུབ|w=la sum rgyal ba byang chub}}ལ་སུམ་རྒྱལ་བ་བྱང་ཆུབ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''la sum rgyal ba byang chub''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Dorje, Gyurme (August 2008). </cite></ref>
* Gyalwa Choyang ({{Bo|t=རྒྱལ་བ་མཆོག་དབྱངས|w=rgyal ba mchog dbyangs}}རྒྱལ་བ་མཆོག་དབྱངས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''rgyal ba mchog dbyangs''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Gyalwe Lodro of Dré ({{Bo|t=རྒྱལ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས|w=rgyal ba'i blo gros}}རྒྱལ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''rgyal ba'i blo gros''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Jnanakumara of Nyak ({{Bo|t=གཉགས་ཛཉའ་ན་ཀུ་མ་ར|w=gnyags dzny' na ku ma ra}}གཉགས་ཛཉའ་ན་ཀུ་མ་ར&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''gnyags dzny' na ku ma ra''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Garry, Ron (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Kawa Paltsek ({{Bo|t=སྐ་བ་དཔལ་བརྩེགས|w=ska ba dpal brtsegs}}སྐ་བ་དཔལ་བརྩེགས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''ska ba dpal brtsegs''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Khandro Yeshe Tsogyal, the princess of Karchen ({{Bo|t=མཁར་ཆེན་བཟའ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ|w=mkhar chen bza' mtsho rgyal}}མཁར་ཆེན་བཟའ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''mkhar chen bza' mtsho rgyal''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Konchog Jungné of Langdro ({{Bo|t=ལང་གྲོ་དཀོན་མཆོག་འབྱུང་གནས|w=lang gro dkon mchog 'byung gnas}}ལང་གྲོ་དཀོན་མཆོག་འབྱུང་གནས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''lang gro dkon mchog 'byung gnas''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Lhapal the Sokpo ({{Bo|t=སོག་པོ་ལྷ་དཔལ|w=sog po lha dpal}}སོག་པོ་ལྷ་དཔལ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''sog po lha dpal''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Namkhai Nyingpo ({{Bo|t=ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ|w=nam mkha'i snying po}}ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''nam mkha'i snying po''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Zhang Yeshe De ({{Bo|t=ཞང་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ|w=zhang ye shes sde}}ཞང་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''zhang ye shes sde''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje ({{Bo|t=ལྷ་ལུང་དཔལ་གྱི་རྡོ་རྗེ|w=lha lung dpal gyi rdo rje}}ལྷ་ལུང་དཔལ་གྱི་རྡོ་རྗེ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''lha lung dpal gyi rdo rje''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Palgyi Senge ({{Bo|t=དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ|w=dpal gyi seng ge}}དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''dpal gyi seng ge''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Palgyi Wangchuk ({{Bo|t=དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག|w=dpal gyi dbang phyug}}དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''dpal gyi dbang phyug''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Palgyi Wangchuk of Odren ({{Bo|t=འོ་དྲན་དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག|w='o dran dpal gyi dbang phyug}}འོ་དྲན་དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''<nowiki/>'o dran dpal gyi dbang phyug''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Palgyi Yeshe ({{Bo|t=དཔལ་གྱི་ཡེ་ཤེས|w=dpal gyi ye shes}}དཔལ་གྱི་ཡེ་ཤེས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''dpal gyi ye shes''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Rinchen Chok of Ma ({{Bo|t=རྨ་རིན་ཆེན་མཆོག|w=rma rin chen mchog}}རྨ་རིན་ཆེན་མཆོག&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''rma rin chen mchog''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Sangye Yeshe ({{Bo|t=སངས་རྒྱས་ཡེ་ཤེས|w=sangs rgyas ye shes}}སངས་རྒྱས་ཡེ་ཤེས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''sangs rgyas ye shes''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (December 2009). </cite></ref>
* Shubu Palgyi Senge ({{Bo|t=ཤུད་བུ་དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ|w=shud bu dpal gyi seng ge}}ཤུད་བུ་དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''shud bu dpal gyi seng ge''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Vairotsana, the great translator ({{Bo|t=བཻ་རོ་ཙ་ན|w=bai ro tsa na}}བཻ་རོ་ཙ་ན&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''bai ro tsa na''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Yeshe Yang ({{Bo|t=ཡེ་ཤེས་དབྱངས|w=ye shes dbyangs}}ཡེ་ཤེས་དབྱངས&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''ye shes dbyangs''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). </cite></ref>
* Yudra Nyingpo of Gyalmo ({{Bo|t=ག་ཡུ་སྒྲ་སྙིང་པོ|w=g.yu sgra snying po}}ག་ཡུ་སྒྲ་སྙིང་པོ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''g.yu sgra snying po''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
Also:
* Vimalamitra ({{Bo|t=དྲུ་མེད་བཤེས་གཉེན|w=dru med bshes gnyen}}དྲུ་མེད་བཤེས་གཉེན&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''dru med bshes gnyen''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] )
* Tingdzin Zangpo ({{Bo|t=ཏིང་འཛིན་བཟང་པོ|w=ting 'dzin bzang po}}ཏིང་འཛིན་བཟང་པོ&#x2C;&nbsp;Wylie<span>: </span>''ting 'dzin bzang po''<span></span> [[Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text|Category:Articles containing Tibetan-language text]] ) <ref><cite class="citation web">Leschly, Jakob (August 2007). </cite></ref>
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Hemis Padmasambhava.jpg|Padmasambhava statue in Hemis Monastery, Ladakh, India.
File:Guru Padmasambhava sideview.jpg|The Holy Statue of Guru Padmasambhava at Samdruptse, Namchi, Sikkim, India.
File:Entrance to Dawa Puk, Padmasambhava's cave, Yerpa 1993.jpg|Entrance to Dawa Puk, Guru Rinpoche's cave, Yerpa, 1993.
File:Guru Rinpoche, Yerpa 1993.JPG|Statue of Guru Rinpoche in his meditation cave at Yerpa, Tibet
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== Notes ==
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== References ==
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== Sources ==
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Padmasambhava New World Encyclopedia, ''Padmasambhava'']
"https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/पद्मसम्भव" बाट अनुप्रेषित