"हाडजोर्नी शल्यचिकित्सा" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

Orthopedic surgeons are [[physicians]] who have completed additional training in orthopedic surgery after the completion of medical school. According to the latest Occupational Outlook Handbook (2006२००६-2007२००७) published by the U.S. Department of Labor, between 3३-4४% of all practicing physicians are orthopedic surgeons.

In the United States र Canada orthopedic surgeons (also know as orthopedists) complete a minimum of 13१३ years of [[postsecondary education]] र clinical training. This training includes obtaining an [[undergraduate education|undergraduate degree]], a medical degree, र then completing a 5५-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] in orthopedic surgery. The 5५-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] consists of one year of general surgery training followed by four years of training in orthopaedic surgery.

Many orthopedic surgeons elect to do further subspeciality training in programs known as 'fellowships' after completing their residency training. These fellowships typically last 1–2१–२ years र usually have a [[research]] component involved with the clinical र operative training. Examples of orthopedic subspeciality training in the US are:

Orthopaedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma र congenital deformities using both surgical र non-surgical means. According to applications for board certification from 1999१९९९ to 2003२००३, the top 25२५ most common procedures (in order) performed by orthopaedic surgeons are as follows:

Of orthopaedic surgeons applying for certification with the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery between 1999१९९९ to 2003२००३ these were the percentages of surgeons in each specialty area:

* General orthopaedics: 54५४.8८%

* Spine surgery: 11११.3३%

* Sports medicine: 10१०.8८%

* Hands र upper extremity: 8८.7७%

* Adult reconstructive: 3३.9९%

* Pediatric orthopaedics: 3३.4४%

* Foot र ankle: 3३.1१%

* Trauma: 2२.6६%

* Musculoskeletal oncology: 1१.3३%

A typical schedule for a practicing orthopaedic surgeon involves 50–55५०–५५ hours of work per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties र possibly teaching and/or research if in an academic setting.

The modern total [[hip replacement]] was pioneered by Sir John Charnley in England in the 1960s१९६०s{{fact}}. He found that joint surfaces could be replaced by metal or high density [[polyethylene]] implants cemented to the bone with [[methyl methacrylate]] cement. Since Charnley, there have been continuous improvements in the design र technique of joint replacement ([[arthroplasty]]) with many contributors, including W. H. Harris, the son of R. I. Harris, whose team at Harvard pioneered uncemented arthroplasty techniques with the bone bonding directly to the implant.

Knee replacements using similar technology were started by McIntosh in [[rheumatoid arthritis]] patients र later by Gunston र Marmor for [[osteoarthritis]] in the 1970१९७०'s. The modern [[knee replacement]] was developed by Dr. John Insall र Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat in New York{{fact}}. Uni-compartment knee replacement, in which only one side of an arthritic knee is replaced, is a smaller operation र has become popular recently.

[[Nicholas Andry]] coined the word "orthopaedics", derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] [[word]]s for "correct" or "straight" ("orthos") र "[[child]]" ("paidion"), in [[1741]], when at the [[Ageing|age]] of 81८१ he [[Publishing|published]] ''Orthopaedia: or the Art of Correcting र Preventing Deformities in Children''.

Garrett, WE, et al. American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, Certification Examination. The Journal of Bone र Joint Surgery (American). 2006२००६;88८८:660६६०-667६६७.