"खाद्य जनित रोग" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

[[Bacteria]] are a common cause of foodborne illness. In the [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य|United Kingdom]] during 2000२००० the individual bacteria involved were as follows: ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]'' 77७७.3३%, ''[[Salmonella]]'' 20२०.9९%, ''[[Escherichia coli O157:H7]]'' 1१.4४%, and all others less than 0०.1१%.<ref>

</ref> In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for [[norovirus]] and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Symptoms for bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. They are usually not seen until 12–72१२–७२ [[hour]]s or more after eating contaminated food.

*''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', including O1O१ and non-O1O१

In addition to disease caused by direct bacterial infection, some foodborne illnesses are caused by [[exotoxin]]s which are [[excretion|excreted]] by the cell as the bacterium grows. Exotoxins can produce illness even when the microbes that produced them have been killed. Symptoms typically appear after 1–6१–६ hours depending on the amount of toxin ingested.

The term '''alimentary mycotoxicoses''' refers to the effect of poisoning by [[Mycotoxins]] through food consumption. [[Mycotoxins]] sometimes have important effects on human and animal health. For example, an outbreak which occurred in the UK in 1960१९६० caused the death of 100१००,000००० turkeys which had consumed [[aflatoxin]]-contaminated peanut meal. In the [[USSR]] in [[World War II]], 5000५००० people died due to Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ALA).<ref name=fam>

* [[Aflatoxins]] – originated from [[Aspergillus parasiticus]] and [[Aspergillus flavus]]. They are frequently found in tree nuts, peanuts, maize, sorghum and other oilseeds, including corn and cottonseeds. The pronounced forms of [[Aflatoxins]] are those of B1B१, B2B२, G1G१, and G2G२, amongst which Aflatoxin B1B१ predominantly targets the liver, which will result in [[necrosis]], [[cirrhosis]], and [[carcinoma]].<ref name=afltx>

</ref> In the US, the acceptable level of total aflatoxins in foods is less than 20२० μg/kg, except for Aflatoxin M1M१ in milk, which should be less than 0०.5५ μg/kg.<ref name=cfh>

* Altertoxins – are those of [[Alternariol]] (AOH), Alternariol methyl ether (AME), Altenuene (ALT), Altertoxin-1१ (ATX-1१), Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and Radicinin (RAD), originated from [[Alternaria]] spp. Some of the toxins can be present in sorghum, [[Finger millet|ragi]], wheat and tomatoes.<ref name=atwdw>

* 3३-Nitropropionic acid

* [[Ochratoxins]] – In Australia, The Limit of Reporting (LOR) level for [[Ochratoxin A]] (OTA) analyses in 20th२०th Australian Total Diet Survey was 1१&nbsp;µg/kg,<ref name=2atds>

</ref> whereas the [[European commission|EC]] restricts the content of OTA to 5५&nbsp;µg/kg in cereal commodities, 3३&nbsp;µg/kg in processed products and 10१०&nbsp;µg/kg in dried vine fruits.<ref name=wrmff>

* [[Patulin]] – Currently, this toxin has been advisably regulated on fruit products. The [[European Commission|EC]] and the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] have limited it to under 50५०&nbsp;µg/kg for fruit juice and fruit nectar, while limits of 25२५&nbsp;µg/kg for solid-contained fruit products and 10१०&nbsp;µg/kg for baby foods were specified by the [[European Commission|EC]].<ref name="wrmff"/><ref name=pajajc>

</ref> Four trichothecenes, T-2२ toxin, HT-2२ toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and [[deoxynivalenol]] (DON) have been most commonly encountered by humans and animals. The consequences of oral intake of, or dermal exposure to, the toxins will result in Alimentary toxic aleukia, [[neutropenia]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]] and/or skin irritation.<ref name=tthm>

</ref> In 1993१९९३, the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] issued a document for the content limits of DON in food and animal feed at an advisory level.<ref name=gifda>

</ref> In 2003२००३, US published a patent that is very promising for farmers to produce a trichothecene-resistant crop.<ref name=trtp>

In August 2006२००६, the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved [[Phage therapy]] which involves spraying meat with viruses that infect bacteria, and thus preventing infection. This has raised concerns, because without [[mandatory labelling]] consumers wouldn't be aware that meat and poultry products have been treated with the spray. [http://www.forbes.com/business/healthcare/feeds/ap/2006/08/18/ap2959720.html]

[[Virus|Viral]] infections make up perhaps one third of cases of food poisoning in developed countries. In the US, more than 50५०% of cases are viral and [[Norwalk virus group|noroviruses]] are the most common foodborne illness, causing 57५७% of outbreaks in 2004२००४. Foodborne viral infection are usually of intermediate (1–3१–३ days) [[incubation period]], causing illnesses which are self-limited in otherwise healthy individuals, and are similar to the bacterial forms described above.

* [[Hepatitis A]] is distinguished from other viral causes by its prolonged (2–6२–६ week) [[incubation period]] and its ability to spread beyond the stomach and intestines, into the [[liver]]. It often induces [[jaundice]], or yellowing of the skin, and rarely leads to chronic liver dysfunction. The virus has been found to cause the infection due to the consumption of fresh-cut produce which has fecal contamination.<ref name=ivcma>

The delay between consumption of a contaminated food and appearance of the first [[symptom]]s of illness is called the [[incubation period]]. This ranges from hours to days (and rarely months or even years, such as in the case of [[Listeriosis]] or [[Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease]]), depending on the agent, and on how much was consumed. If symptoms occur within 1–6१–६ hours after eating the food, it suggests that it is caused by a bacterial toxin or a chemical rather than live bacteria.

The [[infectious dose]] is the amount of agent that must be consumed to give rise to symptoms of foodborne illness, and varies according to the agent and the consumer's age and overall health. In the case of ''[[Salmonella]]'' a relatively large inoculum of 1१ million to 1१ billion organisms is necessary to produce symptoms in healthy human volunteers [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic515.htm], as ''Salmonellae'' are very sensitive to acid. An unusually high stomach pH level (low acidity) greatly reduces the number of bacteria required to cause symptoms by a factor of between 10१० and 100१००.

Every year there are an estimated 76७६ million foodborne illnesses in the [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|United States]] (26२६,000००० cases for 100१००,000००० inhabitants), 2२ million in the [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य|United Kingdom]] (3३,400४०० cases for 100१००,000००० inhabitants) and 750७५०,000००० in [[फ्रान्स|France]] (1१,220२२० cases for 100१००,000००० inhabitants).

In the United States, using FoodNet data from 1996–1998१९९६–१९९८, the CDCP estimated there were 76७६ million foodborne illnesses (26२६,000००० cases for 100१००,000००० inhabitants):<ref name=CDC99>{{cite journal | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | volume=5 | issue=5 | pages=607–25 | year=1999 | author=Mead PS et al. | title=Food-related illness and death in the United States | pmid=10511517 | doi = 10.3201/eid0505.990502 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no5/mead.htm | pmc=2627714}}

* 325३२५,000००० were hospitalized (111१११ per 100१००,000००० inhabitants);

* 5५,000००० people [[death|died]] (1१.7७ per 100१००,000००० inhabitants.).

* Major pathogens from foodborne illness in the United States cost upwards of US $35३५ billion in medical costs and lost productivity (1997१९९७)

In France, for 750७५०,000००० cases(1१,210२१० per 100१००,000००० inhabitants):

* 70७०,000००० people consulted in the emergency department of an hospital (113११३ per 100१००,000००० inhabitants.);

* 113११३,000००० people were hospitalized (24२४ per 100१००,000००० inhabitants);

* 400४०० people died (0०.9९ per 100१००,000००० inhabitants).

In Australia, there are an estimated 5५.4४ million cases of food-borne illness every year, causing:<ref>

* 18१८,000००० hospitalizations

* 120१२० deaths

* 2२.1१ million lost days off work

* 1१.2२ million doctor consultations

* 300३००,000००० prescriptions for antibiotics

The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, most outbreaks (58५८%) originate from commercial food facilities (2004२००४ FoodNet data). An outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.

Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. However, more and more, outbreaks are identified by [[public health]] staff from unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2१–२% of outbreaks are detected.

It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodborne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000२००० about 2२.1१ million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.

Even in industrialized countries, up to 30३०% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76७६ million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325३२५,000००० hospitalizations and 5५,000००० deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of diseases, including those caused by parasites. Foodborne illnesses can and did inflict serious and extensive harm on society. In 1994१९९४, an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated 224२२४,000००० persons. In 1988१९८८, an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300३००,000००० individuals in China.

Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic strain on societies. In the U.S., diseases caused by the major pathogens alone are estimated to cost up to US $35३५ billion annually (1997१९९७) in medical costs and lost productivity. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991१९९१ resulted in the loss of US $500५०० million in fish and fishery product exports that year.

In postwar Aberdeen (1964१९६४) a large scale (>400४०० cases) outbreak of [[Typhoid]] occurred, this was caused by contaminated [[corned beef]] which had been imported from [[Argentina]]<ref>

In the UK serious outbreaks of food-borne illness since the 1970s१९७०s prompted key changes in UK [[food safety]] law. These included the death of 19१९ patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak [http://briandeer.com/social/stanley-royd.htm] and the [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s१९८०s. The death of 17१७ people in the 1996१९९६ Wishaw outbreak of E. coli O157O१५७ [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/deleted/library/documents-w4/pgr-00.htm] was a precursor to the establishment of the [[Food Standards Agency]] which, according to [[Tony Blair]] in the 1998१९९८ [[white paper]] [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/maffdh/fsa/fsa.htm ''A Force for Change'' Cm 3830३८३०] "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".

In 1999१९९९ an estimated 5५,000००० deaths, 325३२५,000००० hospitalizations and 76७६ million illnesses were foodborne in the US.<ref name=cdc>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/mead.htm |title=Emerging Infectious Diseases | last = | first = | journal = | volume =5 |year=1999| issue =5 | pages = |accessdate=2010-07-26 |quote= |work= }}</ref><ref name=schlosser>{{cite news |author=[[Eric Schlosser]] |coauthors= |title=Unsafe at Any Meal |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/opinion/25schlosser.html |quote=Every day, about 200,000 Americans are sickened by contaminated food. Every year, about 325,000 are hospitalized by a food-borne illness. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=July 25, 2010 |accessdate=2010-07-26 }}</ref>

In 2001२००१, the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] petitioned the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] to require meat packers to remove [[spinal cord]]s before processing cattle carcasses for human consumption, a measure designed to lessen the risk of infection by variant [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]. The petition was supported by the [[American Public Health Association]], the [[Consumer Federation of America]], the [[Government Accountability Project]], the [[National Consumers League]], and Safe Tables Our Priority. This was opposed by the [[National Cattlemen's Beef Association]], the National Renderers Association, the [[National Meat Association]], the Pork Producers Council, sheep raisers, milk producers, the Turkey Federation, and eight other organizations from the animal-derived food industry. This was part of a larger controversy regarding the United States' violation of [[World Health Organization]] proscriptions to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

None of the US Department of Health and Human Services targets<ref>[http://www.healthypeople.gov Healthy People 2010 Home Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> regarding incidence of foodborne infections were reached in 2007२००७.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5714a2.htm |title=Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food |publisher= CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>

:The Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases is a department under the WHO. Its mission is to: to reduce the serious negative impact of foodborne diseases worldwide. According to the WHO website, food and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing approximately 3३.8८ million people annually, most of whom are children. {{quote|WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to address food safety issues along the entire food production chain--from production to consumption--using new methods of risk analysis. These methods provide efficient, science-based tools to improve food safety, thereby benefiting both public health and economic development.}}

* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681605 International Journal of Food Microbiology], ISSN: 0168०१६८-1605१६०५, Elsevier

* Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, ISSN: 1535१५३५-3141३१४१, [[Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.]]

* Mycopathologia, ISSN: [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102966/ 1573१५७३-0832०८३२] (electronic) 0301०३०१-486X४८६X (paper), Springer

* Advances in Food Mycology (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology) (2006२००६) by A.D. Hocking ''et al.'', ISBN 978९७८-0387283913०३८७२८३९१३ (electronic) 978९७८-0387283852०३८७२८३८५२ (paper), Springer

* Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (2006२००६) by Hans P. Riemann and Dean O. Cliver, ISBN 012588365X०१२५८८३६५X, Elsevier

* Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology And Molecular Biology (2005२००५) by Pina M. Fratamico ''et al.'', ISBN 190445500X१९०४४५५००X ISBN 978९७८-1904455004१९०४४५५००४, Caister Academic Press

*[http://www.foodpoisoningsigns.net/how-to-treating-food-poisoning-at-home/ How To Treating Food Poisoning at Home] November 6६, 2010२०१०

*[http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/06/top-10-food-poisoning-risks/ Top 10१० Food Poisoning Risks], ''New York Times''. October 6६, 2009२००९.

* [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5510a1.htm Surveillance for Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 1998१९९८--2002२००२]

* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs124/en/ Foodborne diseases, emerging], [[WHO]], Fact sheet N°124१२४, revised January 2002२००२

* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/ Food safety and foodborne illness], [[WHO]], Fact sheet N°237२३७, revised January 2002२००२