"युनिकोड" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

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'''यूनिकोड''' (Unicode), प्रत्येक अक्षर को लागि एक विशेष संख्या प्रदान गर्दछ, चाहे कुनै पनि कम्प्युटर प्लेटफर्म, [[प्रोग्राम]] अथवा कुनै पनि भाषा हो। यूनिकोड स्टैंडर्ड को [[एपल इंक.|एपल]], [[ह्यूलेट पेकर्ड|एच.पी.]], [[आई.बी.एम.]], [[जस्ट सिस्टम]], [[माइक्रोसफ्ट]], [[ओरेकल]], [[सैप]], [[सन]], साईबेस, यूनिसिस जस्तो उद्योग को प्रमुख कम्पनिहरु र धेरै अन्य ले अपनाएको छ। यूनिकोड को आवश्यकता आधुनिक मानदंडों, जस्तै [[एक्स.एम.एल]], [[जावा]], एकमा स्क्रिप्ट ([[जावास्क्रिप्ट]]), एल.डी.ए.पी., [[कोर्बा 3.0]], [[डब्ल्यू.एम.एल]] को लागि हुन्छ र यो [[आई.एस.ओ]]/[[आई.ई.सी. 10646]] को लागू गर्ने अधिकारिक तरीका छ। यो धेरै संचालन प्रणालिहरु, सबै आधुनिक [[ब्राउजरों]] र धेरै अन्य उत्पादनहरु मा हुन्छ। यूनिकोड स्टैंडर्ड को उत्पति र यसको सहायक उपकरणहरु को उपलब्धता, हाल नै को अति महत्वपूर्ण विश्वव्यापी [[सफ्टवेयर प्रौद्योगिकी]] रुझानों मध्ये छन्।
'''युनिकोड''' कम्प्युटरको एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गुणस्तर हो जसको उदेश्य मानिसले कम्प्युटरमा भण्डारण गर्न चाहने हरेक दस्तावेजका लिपिलाई [[सङ्केतन]] (encode) गर्ने माध्यम प्रदान गर्नु हो। This includes all [[:en:Writing system|script]]s stillमा active use today, many scripts known only by [[:en:scholar|scholar]]s, र [[:en:symbol|symbol]]s which do not strictly represent scripts, like [[:en:mathematics|mathematics]], [[:en:linguistics|linguistics]] र [[:en:APL programming language|APL]].
 
यूनिकोड को [[ग्राहक-सर्भर]] अथवा बहु-आयामी उपकरणहरु र [[वेबसाइट|वेबसाइटों]] मा शामिल गर्न से, परंपरागत उपकरणहरु को प्रयोग गरे अपेक्षा खर्च मा अत्यधिक बचत हुन्छ। यूनिकोड भन्दा एक यस्तो एक्लो सफ्टवेयर उत्पादन अथवा एक्लो वेबसाइट मिलछ, जसलाई री-इंजीनियरिंग को बिना विभिन्न प्लेटफर्महरु, भाषाहरु र देशहरु मा उपयोग गरिन सक्छ। यसले आँकडहरुलाई बिना कुनै बाधा को विभिन्न प्रणालिहरु संग भएर ले जाया जान सक्छ।
The creation of युनिकोड is an ambitious [[:en:project|project]] to replace existing [[:en:character encoding|character set]]s, many of which are shortमा size र problematicमा [[:en:multilingual|बहुभाषीय]] environments. Despite technical problems र limitations र criticism on process, today युनिकोड is considered the most complete character set र one of the largest, र has become the dominant encoding schemeमा [[:en:internationalization‍|अन्तराष्ट्रियकरण]] of [[:en:Computer software|software]] र multilingual environments. Many recent standards such as [[:en:XML|XML]], as well as [[:en:system software‍|system software]] such as [[:en:operating system|operating system]]s, have adopted युनिकोड as an underlying scheme to represent text.
 
== यूनिकोड के हो? ==
== Origin र development ==
यूनिकोड प्रत्येक अक्षर को लागि एक विशेष नम्बर प्रदान गर्दछ,
* चाहे कुनै पनि प्लैटफर्म हो,
* चाहे कुनै पनि प्रोग्राम हो,
* चाहे कुनै पनि भाषा हो।
 
कम्प्युटर, मूल रूप से, नम्बरबाट सम्बंध राखछन। यो प्रत्येक अक्षर र वर्ण को लागि एक नम्बर निर्धारित गरेर अक्षर र वर्ण संग्रहित गर्छन। यूनिकोड को आविष्कार होने भन्दा पहिले, यस्तो नम्बर दिन को लागि सैंकडों विभिन्न [[संकेत लिपि प्रणाली|संकेत लिपि प्रणालिहरु]] थिए। कुनै एक संकेत लिपि मा पर्याप्त अक्षर हैन हुन सक्छन् : उदाहरण को लिए, [[यूरोपीय संघ]] को एक्लै ही, आफ्नो सबै भाषाहरु को कवर गर्न को लागि अनेक विभिन्न संकेत लिपिहरु को आवश्यकता हुन्छ। अंग्रेजी जस्तो भाषा को लागि पनि, सबै अक्षरहरु, विरामचिन्हों र सामान्य प्रयोग को प्रौद्योगिकी प्रतीकहरु हेतु एक नै संकेत लिपि पर्याप्त थिएन।
It is the explicit aim of युनिकोड to transcend the limitations of traditional [[:en:character encoding|character encoding]]s such as those defined by the [[:en:ISO 8859|ISO 8859]] standard, which are usedमा the various countries of the world, but are largely incompatible with each other. One problem with traditional character encodings is that they allow for [[:en:bilingual|bilingual]] कम्प्युटर processing (usually [[:en:Roman character|रोमन अक्षर]]हरू र the local language), but not for multilingual कम्प्युटर processing (कम्प्युटर processing of arbitrary languages mixed with each other).
 
यो संकेत लिपि प्रणालिहरु मास्पर विरोधी पनि छन्। यसैको लागि, दुइ संकेत लिपिहरु दुइ विभिन्न अक्षरहरु को लिए, एक नै नम्बर प्रयोग गर्न सक्छं, अथवा समान अक्षर को लागि विभिन्न नम्बरहरुको प्रयोग गर्न सक्छं। कुनै पनि कम्प्युटर (विशेष रूप ले सर्वर) को विभिन्न संकेत लिपिहरु संभालनी पडती है; फेरि पनि जब दुइ विभिन्न संकेत लिपिहरु अथवा [[प्लेटफर्म (कम्प्यूटर)|प्लेटफर्मों]] को बीच [[डाटा]] पठाइन्छ त उन डाटा को संधै खराब भएको जोखिम रहन्छ।
युनिकोडमा intent encodes the underlying characters र not variant [[:en:glyph|glyph]]s for such characters. In the case of [[:en:Chinese character‍‍|चाइनिज अक्षरहरू]]s, this sometimes leads to controversies over what is the underlying character र what is the variant glyph (see [[:en:Han unification|Han unification]]).
 
'''यूनिकोड देखि यो सबै केहि बदल रहेको छ !'''
युनिकोड's roleमा text-processing is to provide a unique code point — not a glyph — for each character. In other words, युनिकोड is used to represent a characterमा an abstract way, र leaves the visual rendering (size, shape or style) to another program, such as a [[:en:web browser|वेब ब्राउजर]] or [[:en:word processor|word processor]].
 
== यूनिकोड को विशेषताहरु ==
This simple aim is greatly complicated by another aim, which is to provide lossless conversion amongst different existing encodingsमा order to ease the transition.
१) यो विश्व को सबै लिपिहरु संग सबै संकेतहरु को लागि एक अलग कोड बिन्दु प्रदान गर्दछ।
 
२) यो वर्णहरु (कैरेक्टर्स) को एक कोड दिइन्छ, न कि ग्लिफ (glyph) को।
The युनिकोड standard also includes a number of related items, such as character properties, text normalisation forms, र bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as [[:en:Arabic‍‍|अरबी]] or [[:en:Hebrew language|हेब्रु]], र left-to-right scripts).
 
३) जहाँ पनि सम्भव यूनिकोड हुन्छ, यो भाषाहरु को एकीकरण गर्ने प्रयत्न गर्दछ। त्यहि नीति को तहत सबै पश्चिम यूरोपीय भाषाहरु को [[लैटिन]] को अन्तर्गत समाहित गरिएको छ; सबै स्लाविक भाषाहरु को सिरिलिक (Cyrilic) को अन्तर्गत राखाइएको छ; हिन्दी, संस्कृत, मराठी, नेपाली, सिन्धी, कश्मीरी आदि को लागि 'देवनागरी' नाम ले एक नै ब्लक दिइएको छ; चीनी, जापानी, कोरियाई, वियतनामी भाषाहरु को 'युनिहान्' (UniHan) नाम ले एक ब्लक मा राखाइएको छ; अरबी, फारसी, उर्दू आदि को एक नै ब्लक मा राखाइएको छ।
In [[1997]] a proposal was made by [[:en:Michael Everson|माइकल इभरसन्]] to encode the characters of the [[Klingon language]]मा Plane 1 of [[ISO 10646|ISO/IEC 10646-2]]. The proposal was rejectedमा [[2001]] as "inappropriate for encoding" — not because the proposal was technically faulty, but because users of Klingon normally read र write र exchange dataमा [[Latin]] transliteration. The [[Elves (Middle-earth)|elvish]] scripts [[Tengwar]] र [[Cirth]] from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] setting were proposed for inclusionमा Plane 1मा [[1993]]. The draft was withdrawn to incorporate changes suggested by [[Tolkienist]]s, र is as of [[2004]] still under consideration.
 
४) बायाँ भन्दा दायाँ लिखी जाने वाला लिपिहरु को अतिरिक्त दाएँ-से-बाएँ लिखी जाने वाला लिपिहरु (अरबी, हिब्रू आदि) को पनि यसमा शामिल गरिएको छ। माथि देखि तल को तर्फ लिखी जाने वाला लिपिहरु को अझै अध्ययन गरे जा रहेको छ ।
== Mapping र encodings ==
=== Standard ===
 
५) यो ध्यान राखन जरूरी छ कि यूनिकोड केवल एक कोड-सारणी छ। यिनी लिपिहरु लाई लिखने/पढने को लागि [[इनपुट मेथड एडिटर]] र [[फण्ट]]-फाइलें जरूरी छन्।
The [[युनिकोड Consortium]], basedमा [[California]], is the organization that develops the युनिकोड standard. It is an organization open to any company or individual willing to pay the membership dues. Members include virtually all of the main कम्प्युटर software र hardware companies with any interestमा text processing standards, such as [[Apple Computer]], [[Microsoft]], [[International Business Machines|IBM]], [[Xerox]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Adobe Systems]] र many others.
 
५) यूनिकोड १६ बिट्स को एक ईकाई को रूप मा लेकर चल्छ।
The Consortium first published ''The युनिकोड Standard'' (ISBN 0-321-18578-1)मा [[1991]], र continues to develop standards based on that original work. युनिकोड was developedमा conjunction with the [[ISO|International Organization for Standardization]] र it shares its character repertoire with [[ISO/IEC 10646]]. युनिकोड र ISO/IEC 10646 are equivalent as character encodings, but ''The युनिकोड Standard'' contains much more information for implementers, covering,मा depth, topics such as bitwise encoding, [[collation]], र rendering, र enumerating a multitude of character properties, including those needed for [[BiDi]] support. The two standards also have slightly different terminology.
 
== यूनिकोड को महत्व र लाभ ==
==== युनिकोड revision history ====
* एक नै दस्तावेज मा अनेकों भाषाहरु को टेक्स्ट लिखे जान सकिन्छ।
 
* टेक्स्ट को केवल एक निश्चित तरिका देखि संस्कारित गर्ने आवश्यकता पडती छ जसबाट विकास-खर्च एवं अन्य खर्चे कम लाग्छन।
* [[1991]] युनिकोड 1.0
* [[1993]] युनिकोड 1.1
* [[1996]] युनिकोड 2.0
* [[1998]] युनिकोड 2.1
* [[1999]] युनिकोड 3.0
* [[2001]] युनिकोड 3.1
* [[2002]] युनिकोड 3.2
* [[2003]] युनिकोड 4.0
* [[2005]] युनिकोड 4.1
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* कुनै सफ्टवेयर-उत्पाद को एक नै संस्करण पुरा विश्व मा चलाया जान सक्छ। क्षेत्रीय बजारहरु को लागि अलग देखि संस्करण निकालन आवश्यकता हैन पडती
=== Storage transfer र processing ===
 
* कुनै पनि भाषा को टेक्स्ट पुरा संसार मा बिना भ्रष्ट भएका हिड जान्छ। पहिले यस तरिका को धेरै समस्याएंम् आती थिए।
So far, it has only been said that युनिकोड is a means to assign a unique number for all characters used by [[human]]sमा written language. How these numbers are storedमा text processing is another matter; problems result from the fact that much [[software]]मा the West has so far been written to deal with 8-bit character encodings only, र युनिकोड support has only been added slowlyमा recent years. Similarly,मा the East the double-byte character encodings cannot evenमा principle encode more than 65,536 characters, रमा practice the limit imposed by the architectures chosen is much lower. This is not enough for the needs of scholars of the [[Chinese language]] alone.
 
=== हानियाँ ===
The internal logic of much 8-bit legacy software typically permits only 8 bits for each character, making it impossible to use more than 256 code points without special processing, र 16-bit software is limited to some tens of thousands of characters, while युनिकोड is already up to more than 90,000 encoded characters. Several mechanisms have therefore been suggested to implement युनिकोड; which one is chosen depends on available storage space, [[source code]] compatibility, र interoperability with other systems.
यूनिकोड, [[आस्की]] तथा अन्य [[अक्षर कोडन|कैरेकटर कोडों]] को अपेक्षा अधिक स्मृति (मेमोरी) लिन्छ। कितनी अधिक स्मृति लगेगी यो यस कुरा मा निर्भर गर्दछ कि तपाईं को सा यूनिकोड प्रयोगएर रहे छन्। UTF7, UTF8, UTF16 या वास्तविक यूनिकोड - एक अक्षर अलग-अलग बाइट प्रयोग गर्छन।
 
== देवनागरी यूनिकोड ==
The mapping methods are called the UTF (युनिकोड Transformation Format) र UCS (Universal Character Set) encodings. Among them are [[UTF-32]], [[UCS-4]], [[UTF-16]], [[UCS-2]], [[UTF-8]], [[UTF-EBCDIC]] र [[UTF-7]]. The numbers indicate the number of bitsमा one unit, for UTF encodings, or bytes, for UCS encodings. In UTF-32 or UCS-4, one unit is enough for any character;मा the other cases, a variable number of units is used for each character. UTF-8 is the de-facto standard encoding for interchange of युनिकोड text with UTF-16 र UTF-32 being used mainly for internal processing.
* देवनागरी यूनिकोड को परास (रेंज) 0900 देखि 097F सम्म छ। (दोनो संख्याहरु षोडषाधारी हैं)
 
* क्ष, त्र एवं ज्ञ को लागि अलग देखि कोड छैन। यिनलाई संयुक्त वर्ण मानएर अन्य संयुक्त वर्णहरु को भांति यिनीहरुका अलग देखि कोड हैन दिइएको छ।
The युनिकोड [[Byte Order Mark|byte order mark]] (BOM) is specified for use at the beginnings of text filesमा UCS-2 र UTF-16 encodings. It has been adopted by some software developers for other encodings, including UTF-8, which does not need an indication of byte order. In this case it is an attempt to mark the file as containing युनिकोड text. The BOM is code point <code>U+FEFF</code>, which has the important property of being unambiguously interpretable regardless of which युनिकोड encoding is used. The units <code>FE</code> र <code>FF</code> never appearमा [[UTF-8]], <code>U+FFFE</code> (the result of byte-swapping <code>U+FEFF</code>) is not a legal character, र <code>U+FEFF</code> is the Zero-Width No-Break Space (a character with no appearance र no effect other than preventing formation of [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]]). The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence <code>EF BB BF</code>.
 
* यस रेंज मा धेरै देखि यस्तो वर्णहरु को लागि पनि कोड दिये गये हो जो सामान्यतः हिन्दी मा व्यवहृत हुदैनन्। किन्तु मराठी, सिन्धी, मलयालम आदि को देवनागरी मा सम्यक ढंग देखि लेखन को लागि आवश्यक छन्।
{{See also|Mapping of युनिकोड characters}}
 
* नुक्ता वाला वर्णहरु (जस्तै ज) को लागि यूनिकोड निर्धारित गरिएको छ। यसको वाहेक नुक्ता को लागि पनि अलग भन्दा एक यूनिकोड दिइएको छ। अतः नुक्तायुक्त अक्षर यूनिकोड को दृष्टि ले दुइ प्रकार देखि लिखे जान सकिन्छं - एक बाइट यूनिकोड को रूप मा या दुइ बाइट यूनिकोद को रूप मा। उदाहरण को लागि '''ज''' को ' ज ' पछि नुक्ता ( ) टाइप गरेर पनि लेखन सकिन्छ।
=== Ready-made vs. composite characters ===
 
; देवनागरी को यूनिकोड
युनिकोड includes a mechanism for modifying character shape र so greatly extending the supported glyph repertoire. This is the use of [[combining diacritical mark]]s. They are inserted after the main character (it is possible to stack several combining diacritics over the same character). However, for reasons of compatibility, युनिकोड also includes a large quantity of [[precomposed character]]s. Soमा many cases there are many ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, युनिकोड provides the mechanism of [[canonical equivalence]].
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: large; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%"
The situation with [[Hangul]] is similar. युनिकोड provides the mechanism for composing Hangul syllables with [[Hangul Jamo]]. However, the precomposed Hangul syllables (11,172 of them) are also provided.
|- style="font-size: small; text-align:center;"
| &nbsp; || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || A || B || C || D || E || F
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+090x
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || ँ || ं || ः || ऄ || अ || आ || इ || ई || उ || ऊ || ऋ || ऌ || ऐ || ऐ || ए
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+091x
| ऐ || ओ || ओ || ओ || औ || क || ख || ग || घ || ङ || च || छ || ज || झ || ञ || ट
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+092x
| ठ || ड || ढ || ण || त || थ || द || ध || न || ऩ || प || फ || ब || भ || म || य
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+093x
| र || र || ल || ळ || ल || तथा || श || ष || स || ह || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || || ऽ || ा || ि
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+094x
| || ु || ू || ृ || ॄ || े || े || े || ै || || ो || ो || ौ || ् || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; ||bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp;
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+095x
| ॐ || ॑ || ॒ || ॓ || ॔ || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || क || ख || ग || ज || ड || ढ || फ || य़
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+096x
| ॠ || ॡ || ॢ || ॣ || । || ॥ || ० || १ || २ || ३ || ४ || ५ || ६ || ७ || ८ || ९
|-
| style="font-size: small;" | U+097x
| ॰ || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || ॲ || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || ग॒ || ज॒ || bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | &nbsp; || ड॒ || ब॒
|}
 
== यूनिकोड कन्सर्शियम ==
The [[CJK]] ideographs currently are encoded onlyमा their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs are evidently made up of simpler elements, soमा principle it would be possible to decompose them just as it is done with [[Hangul]]. This would greatly reduce the number of required codepoints, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (and so doing away with all problems of the [[Han unification]]). A similar idea is used for some [[input method]]s, such as [[Cangjie method|Cangjie]] र [[Wubi method|Wubi]]. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs are not as simply decomposed or as regular as they seem.
[[यूनिकोड कन्सर्शियम]], एक लाभ न कमाने वाला एक संगठन हो जसको स्थापना [[यूनिकोड स्टैंडर्ड]], जो आधुनिक सफ्टवेयर उत्पादनहरु र मानकहरु मा पाठ को प्रस्तुति को निर्दिष्ट गर्दछ, को विकास, विस्तार र यसको प्रयोग लाई बढावा दिन को लागि गरिएको थियो। यस कन्सर्शियम को सदस्यहरु मा, कम्प्युटर र सूचना उद्योग मा विभिन्न निगम र संगठन शामिल छन्। यस कन्सर्शियम को वित्तपोषण पूर्णतः सदस्यहरु को शुल्क देखि गरिन्छ। यूनिकोड कन्सर्शियम मा सदस्यता, विश्व मा कहीं पनि स्थित उन संगठनहरु र व्यक्तिहरु को लागि खुली छ जो यूनिकोड को समर्थन गर्छन र जो यसको विस्तार र कार्यान्वयन मा सहायता गर्न चाहते छन्।
 
== UTF-8, UTF-16 तथा UTF-32 ==
Combining marks, like the complex script shaping required to properly render [[Arabic]] text र many other scripts, are usually dependent on complex font technologies, like [[OpenType]] (by Adobe र [[Microsoft]]), Graphite (by [[SIL International]]), र [[Apple Advanced Typography|AAT]] (by [[Apple Computer|Apple]]), by which a font designer includes instructionsमा a font telling software how to properly output different character sequences. Another method sometimes employedमा [[fixed-width]] fonts is to place the combining mark's glyph before its own left [[sidebearing]]; this method, however, only works for some diacritics र stacking will not occur properly.
# यूनिकोड को मतलब छ सबै लिपिचिह्नों को आवश्यकता को पूर्ति गर्न मा सक्षम 'एकसमान मानकीकृत कोड' ।
# पहिले सोचा गएको थियो कि केवल १६ बिट को माध्यम ले नै दुनिया को सबै लिपिचिह्नहरुको लागि अलग-अलग कोड प्रदान किये जा सकेंगे। त्यस पछि थाहा भएको कि यो कम छ। फेरि यसलाई ३२ बिट गरइयो। अर्थात यस समय दुनिया को कुनै संकेत छैन जसलाई ३२ बिट को कोड मा कहीं न कहीं ठाँउ न मिल गयी हो।
# ८ बिट को कुल २पर घात ८ = २५६ अलग-अलग बाइनरी संख्याहरु बन सकती हैं; १६ बिट देखि २ मा घात १६ = ६५५३६ र ३२ बिट देखि ४२९४९६७२९६ भिन्न (distinct) बाइनरी संख्याहरु बन सकती छन्।
# यूनिकोड को तीन रूप प्रचलित छन्। UTF-8, UTF-16 र UTF-32.
# यिनीहरुमा अन्तर के हो? मान लीजिये तपाईंको नजिकै दस पेज को कुनै टेक्स्ट छ जसमा रोमन, देवनागरी, अरबी, गणित को चिन्ह आदि धेरै केहि छ। यिनी चिन्हों को यूनिकोड अलग-अलग होंगे। यहाँ ध्यान दिन योग्य कुरा हो कि केहि संकेतहरु को ३२ बिट को यूनिकोड मा शुरू मा शून्य नै शुन्य हो (जस्तै अंग्रेजी को संकेतहरु को लागि)। यदि शुरुआती शून्यहरुलाई हटा दिए जाय त यिनलाई केवल ८ बिट को द्वारा पनि निरूपित गरिन सक्छ र कहीं कुनै भ्रम या कांफ्लिक्ट हुनेछैन। त्यहि तरिका रूसी, अरबी, हिब्रू आदि को यूनिकोड यस्तो हो कि शून्य को छोड दिए पछि उनलाई प्राय: १६ बिट = २ बाइट देखि निरूपित गरिन सक्छ। देवनागरी, जापानी, चीनी आदि को आरम्भिक शून्य हटाउन पछि प्राय: २४ बिट = तीन बाइट देखि निरूपित गरिन सक्छ। किन्तु धेरै देखि संकेत हुनेछन् जसमा आरम्भिक शून्य हुनेछैनन् र उनलाई निरूपित गर्न को लागि चार बाइट नै लगेंगे।
# बुन्दु (५) मा बताए गये काम को UTF-8, UTF-16 र UTF-32 थोडा अलग अलग ढंग देखि गर्छन। उदाहरण को लागि यूटीएफ-८ के गर्दछ कि केहि लिपिचिह्नहरुको लागि १ बाइट , केहि को लागि २ बाइट, केहि को लागि तीन बढी चार बाइट प्रयोग गर्दछ। तर UTF-16 त्यहि काम को लागि १६ न्यूनतम बिटहरुको प्रयोग गर्दछ। अर्थात जो चीजहरु UTF-8 मा केवल एक बाइट ठाँउ लेती थिए उनि अब १६ बिट==२ बाइट को द्वारा निरूपित होंगी। जो UTF-8 मा २ बाइट लेतीं थियो यूटीएफ-१६ मा पनि दुइ नै लेंगी। किन्तु पहिले जो संकेतदि ३ बाइट या चार बाइट मा निरूपित हुन्थे यूटीएफ-१६ मा ३२ बिट=४ बाइट को द्वारा निरूपित गरिनेछ। (तपाईंको नजिकै ठुला-बडी ईटाहरु हो र उनको बिना तोडे खम्भा बनाउन हो त खम्भा ज्यादा बडा नै बनाया जान सक्छ। )
# लगभग स्पष्ट छ कि प्राय: UTF-8 मा इनकोडिंग गर्न देखि UTF-16 को अपेक्षा कम बिट्स लगेंगे।
# यसको वाहेक धेरै देखि पुराना सिस्टम १६ बिट को हैंडिल गर्न मा अक्षम थिए। उनि एकबार मा केवल ८-बिट नै संग काम गरेर सकते थिए। यस कारण पनि UTF-8 को अधिक अपनाएइयो। यो अधिक प्रयोग मा आउछ।
# UTF-16 र UTF-32 को पक्ष मा राम्रोई यो हो कि अब कम्प्युटरहरु को हार्डवेयर ३२ बिट या ६४ बिट को भएको छ। यस कारण UTF-8 को फाइलहरुलाई 'प्रोसेस' गर्न मा UTF-16, UTF-32 वाला फाइलों को अपेक्षा अधिक समय लगेगा।
 
== उपयोगी यूनिकोड औजार (टूल्स) ==
[[As of 2004]], most software still cannot reliably handle many features not supported by older font formats, so combining characters generally will not work correctly. Hypothetically, {{युनिकोड|ḗ}} (precomposed e with macron र acute above) र {{युनिकोड|ḗ}} (e followed by the combining macron above र combining acute above) are identicalमा appearance, both giving an [[e]] with [[macron]] र [[acute accent]], but appearance can vary greatly across software applications.
* [http://puter.a-no-ne.com/hiro_tools/unicode Unicode Tools] :
:* (क) String to Unicode Value ;
:* (ख) Numeric Value to String ;
:* (ग) Numeric Value Generator
* [http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/uniview/descn UniView] - An XHTML-based application to look up characters, character blocks, paste in and discover unknown characters, store your own info about characters, search on character names, do hex/dec/ncr conversions, highlight character types, etc. etc.
* [http://www.macchiato.com/unicode/convert.html UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 Code Charts and Converter]
* [http://www-atm.physics.ox.ac.uk/user/iwi/charmap.html Character map] (requires [[JavaScript]])
 
=== फंण्ट परिवर्तक ===
Also underdots, as neededमा Indic [[Romanization]], will often be placed incorrectly or worse. Sample:
यदि कुनै लेख कुनै ठाँउ मा कुनै यस्तो फंन्ट को प्रयोगएर को लेखाइएको छ जो कि यूनिकोड छैन त फन्ट परिवर्तक प्रोग्रामहरुको प्रयोग गरेर उसलाई यूनिकोड मा बदलन सकिन्छ।
:{{युनिकोड|ṃ - ṇ - ḷ}}
Of course, this isमा fact not a weaknessमा युनिकोड itself, but only uncovers gapsमा rendering technology र fonts.
 
विस्तृत जानकारी को लागि हेर्नुहोस - '[[फण्ट परिवर्तक]]'
=== Issues ===
 
=== जंक (विकृत) यूनिकोड को सही गर्न को उपाय ===
Some people, mostlyमा Japan, oppose युनिकोडमा general, claiming technical limitations र political problemsमा process, which people working on the युनिकोड standard claim are simply misunderstandings of the युनिकोड standard र the process by which it was created. The most common mistake, according to this view, is confusion between abstract [[characters]] र their highly variable visual forms ([[glyphs]]). On the other hand, whereas Chinese can readily read most types of glyphs used by Japanese or Koreans, Japanese often can recognize only a particular variant. The strongest denunciation of युनिकोड is at [http://www.hastingsresearch.com/net/04-unicode-limitations.shtml] (also see a response, [http://slashdot.org/features/01/06/06/0132203.shtml]) For example, opponents of युनिकोड sometimes claim even now that it cannot handle more than 65,535 characters, a limitation that was removedमा युनिकोड 2.0. युनिकोड has been decried as a plot against Asian cultures perpetrated by Westerners with no understanding of the characters as usedमा Chinese, Korean, र Japanese,मा spite of the presence of a majority of experts from all three countriesमा the [[Ideographic Rapporteur Group]]. The IRG advises the consortium र ISO on additions to the repertoire र on [[Han unification]], the identification of formsमा the three languages which will be treated as stylistic variations of the same historical character. This unification is one of the most controversial aspects of युनिकोड.
याहू जस्तै इमेल सेवाहरु मा यूनिकोड कैरेक्टर विकृत भए पछि मूल इमेल प्राप्त गरेर पढने को ओनलाईन औजार
* बालेंदु शर्मा दाधीच द्वारा विकसित [http://www.balendu.com/sanshodhak/ आनलाइन यूनिकोड विकृति संशोधक]
* [http://lang.ojnk.net/hindi/unifix.html Hindi Unicode Repair Tool]
 
== संदर्भ ==
युनिकोड is criticized for failing to allow for older र alternate forms of [[kanji]], which, it is said, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese र uncommon Japanese names, although it follows the recommendations of Japanese scholars of the language र of the Japanese government. There have been several attempts to create an alternative to युनिकोड. [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html] Among them are [[TRON]] (although it is not widely adoptedमा Japan, some, particularly those who need to handle historical Japanese text, favor this), [[UTF-2000]] र [[Giga Character Set]] (GCS). It is true that many older forms were not includedमा early versions of the युनिकोड standard, but युनिकोड 4.0 contains more than 90,000 Han characters, far more than any dictionary or any other standard, र work continues on adding characters from the early literature of China, Korea, र Japan.
{{reflist}}
 
== यिनलाई पनि हेर्नुहोस ==
[[Thai language]] support has been criticized for its illogical ordering of Thai characters. This complication is due to युनिकोड inheriting the [[TIS-620|Thai Industrial Standard 620]], which workedमा the same way. This ordering problem complicates the युनिकोड collation process [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html].
* [[इण्डिक यूनिकोड]]
* [[इस्की (ISCII)]]
* [[आस्की]] (ASCII)
 
== बाहिरी कडिहरु ==
== युनिकोडमा use ==
* [http://www.unicode.org/standard/translations/hindi.html यूनिकोड.ओर्ग]
=== Operating systems ===
* [http://unicode.org/standard/translations/hindi.html यूनिकोड के हो?]
* [http://www.localisationlabs.com/Hindi%20Articles.aspx?storyid=060825073627031000 भूमंडलीकरण मा आईटी को योगदान हो यूनिकोड]
* [http://www.unicode.org/onlinedat/products.html यूनिकोड-सक्षम उत्पादनहरु को सूची] - आपरेटिंग सिस्टम, ब्राउजर, प्रोग्रामिंग को भाषाहरु, एवं अन्य अनेक उत्पाद
* [http://www.unicode.org/faq/indic.html#3 FAQ about Unicode for Indic Scripts and Languages]
* [http://www.utf8-chartable.de/unicode-utf8-table.pl UTF-8 encoding table and Unicode characters]
* [http://www.decodeunicode.org/ DecodeUnicode - यूनिकोड विकी], 50.000 gifs
* [http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/devanagarichart.html Unicode Entity Codes for the Devanāgarī Script]
* [http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf देवनागरी को यूनिकोड चार्ट] (स्टैण्डर्ड 5.0)
* [http://unicode.coeurlumiere.com/ Table of Unicode characters from 1 to 65535]
* [http://www.decodeunicode.org/ decodeunicode.org] images of all 98,884 graphical unicode characters (German/English, full text search)
* Tim Bray's [http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/26/UTF Characters vs Bytes] explains how the different encodings work.
* [http://www.linguistlist.org/~hdry/Zadar/Unicode.pdf '''Unicode'''] (good introduction)
* [http://www.prabhasakshi.com/ShowArticle.aspx?ArticleId=120929-114950-440010 हिन्दी एवं देवनागरी को लागि यूनिकोडोत्तर दौर को चुनौती अलग र ठूलो हैं] (बालेन्दु शर्मा दाधीच)
* [http://pnclink.org/annual/annual2000/2000pdf/4-2-3.pdf The Significance of Unicode]
 
=== यूनिकोड उपकरण तथा फण्ट ===
Despite technical problems र limitations र criticism on process, युनिकोड has emerged as the dominant encoding scheme. [[Windows NT]] र its descendants [[Windows 2000]] र [[Windows XP]] make extensive use of [[UTF-16]] as an internal representation of text. UNIX-like operating systems such as [[GNU/Linux]], [[BSD]] र [[Mac OS X]] have adopted [[UTF-8]], as the basis of representation of [[multilingual text]].
* [http://rishida.net/tools/conversion/ Unicode Code Converter v7.03] - यूनिकोड को तरह-तरह को वैकल्पिक रूपहरु मा बदलन वाला आनलाइन प्रोग्राम
 
* [http://www.freebyte.com/programming/unicode/#freecppunicodelibraries Free C++ Unicode Libraries]
=== E-mail ===
* [http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ Alan Wood's Unicode Resources] Contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; fonts and characters are grouped by type; characters are presented in lists, not grids.
 
[[MIME]] defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII charactersमा [[इमेल|e-mail]], depending on whether the characters areमा e-mail headers such as the "Subject:" orमा the text body of the message. In both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For e-mail transmission of युनिकोड the UTF-8 character set र the [[Base64]] transfer encoding are recommended. The details of the two different mechanisms are specifiedमा the MIME standards र are generally hidden from users of e-mail software.
 
The adoption of युनिकोडमा [[इमेल|e-mail]] has been very slow. Most East-Asian text is still encodedमा a local encoding such as [[Shift-JIS]], र many commonly used e-mail programs still cannot handle युनिकोड data correctly, if they have some support at all. This situation is not expected to changeमा the foreseeable future.
 
=== Web ===
 
Recent web browsers display web pages using युनिकोड if an appropriate [[typeface|font]] is installed (see [[Unicode र HTML]]).
 
Although syntax rules may affect the orderमा which characters are allowed to appear, both HTML 4.0 र XML 1.0 documents are, by definition, comprised of characters from the entire range of युनिकोड code points, minus only a handful of disallowed control characters र the permanently-unassigned code points D800-DFFF, any code point endingमा FFFE or FFFF र any code point above 10FFFF. These characters manifest either directly as [[byte]]s according to document's encoding, if the encoding supports them, or they may be written as numeric character references based on the character's युनिकोड code point, as long as the document's encoding supports the digits र symbols required to write the references (all encodings approved for use on the Internet do). For example, the references <code>Δ</code> <code>Й</code> <code>ק</code> <code>م</code> <code>๗</code> <code>あ</code> <code>叶</code> <code>葉</code> <code>냻</code> (or the same numeric values expressedमा hexadecimal, with <code>&amp;#x</code> as the prefix) display on your browser as Δ, Й, ק, م, ๗, あ, 叶, 葉 र 냻—if you have the proper fonts, these symbols look like the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] capital letter "Delta", [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] capital letter "Short I", [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letter "Meem", [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] letter "Qof", [[Thai language|Thai]] [[numeral]] 7, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Hiragana]] "A", [[simplified Chinese]] "[[Leaf]]", [[traditional Chinese]] "Leaf", र [[Korean language|Korean]] [[Hangul]] syllable "Nyaelh", respectively.
 
=== Fonts ===
 
Free र retail fonts based on युनिकोड are common, since first [[TrueType]] र now [[OpenType]] support युनिकोड. These font formats map युनिकोड code points to glyphs.
 
There are thousands of fonts on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts attempt to support the majority of युनिकोड's character repertoire; these fonts are sometimes described as pan-युनिकोड. Instead, युनिकोड based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII र particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. There are several reasons for this: applications र documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to be resource hogsमा computing environments; र operating systems र applications are becoming increasingly intelligentमा regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as they are needed. Furthermore, it is a monumental task to design a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs; such a venture passes the point of [[diminishing returns]] for most typefaces.
 
युनिकोड characters which cannot be rendered are most often displayed as an open rectangle only, to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some attempts have been made to provide more information about these characters. The Apple ''[[LastResort]]'' font will display a substitute glyph indicating the युनिकोड range of the character र the [[SIL International|SIL]] [[Unicode fallback font]] will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.
 
=== Multilingual Text Rendering Engines ===
* [[Uniscribe]] - [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
* [[Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging]] - new engine for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]]
* [[WorldScript]] - old engine for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]]
* [[Pango]] - [[open source]]
* [[Graphite (Renderer)|Graphite]] - (open source renderer from [[SIL International|SIL]])
 
=== Input methods ===
On [[Windows XP]], any युनिकोड character can be input by pressing Alt, then, with Alt down (and using only the numeric keypad keys), pressing the [[decimal]] digits of the युनिकोड characters one after the other. For example, Alt, then, with Alt still down, 9, then 6 र then 0 yields π (Greek lowercase letter Pi). For values less than 256, precede the digits with a 0, to avoid code page translation (see [[Extended ASCII]]), e.g. Alt 0, 1, 6, 5 yields ¥.
 
Word 2003 also allows for entering युनिकोड characters by spelling out the code first, e.g. 014B for the 'ng'-symbol र then hitting 'Alt' plus 'X' to substitute the string to the left by its युनिकोड character.
 
Macintosh users have a similar feature with an input method called 'Unicode Hex Input',मा [[Mac OS X]] रमा [[Mac OS]] 8.5 र later: hold down the Option key, र type the four-hex-digit युनिकोड code point. Handling of code-points above 0xFFFF is done by entering a [[UTF-16|surrogate pair]]; they will be converted into a single character automatically. Mac OS X (version 10.2 र newer) also has a 'Character Palette', which allows users to visually select any युनिकोड character from a table organized numerically, by युनिकोड block, or by a selected font's available characters.
 
[[GNOME|Gnome2]] follows [[ISO 14755]]. Hold down Ctrl र Shift र enter the hexadecimal युनिकोड value.
 
The [[Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser]]मा version 7.5 र over allows users to enter any युनिकोड character directly into a text field by typing its hexadecimal code, selecting it, र pressing alt+x.
 
== See also ==
* [[Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999]]
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.unicode.org The Unicode Consortium]
** Unicode versions: [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr27/ 3.1], [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr28/ 3.2], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0 4.0], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.1/ 4.0.1], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/ 4.1]
** [http://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html new characters], [http://www.unicode.org/pending/pending.html scripts] र [http://www.unicode.org/alloc/investigation.html characters र scripts under investigation]
** [http://www.unicode.org/charts/ Code Charts] ([[portable document format|PDF]])
* [http://www.macchiato.com/unicode/charts.html UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 Code Charts] र a [http://www-atm.physics.ox.ac.uk/user/iwi/charmap.html character map] ([[JavaScript]])
* [http://www.eki.ee/letter/ The Letter Database] Uses forms to present groupsमा list or grid format by [[hexadecimal]].
* [http://www.decodeunicode.org/ DecodeUnicode - Unicode Wiki, 50.000 gifs र information about each character]
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/examples/ Example text files using Unicode]
* [http://www.lazytools.com/unicode-ascii/ Unicode special character map] is similar to the Windows version. Click a symbol to obtain either the named or numeric code for HTML.
* [[Michael Everson]]'s [http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn4/everson-iuc21pap.pdf "Leaksमा the Unicode pipeline: script, script, script…"] PDF 2MB
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/ ConScript Unicode Registry] a project to standardize part of the Private Use Area for use with [[artificial script]]s र artificial languages. An explanation of how to propose character namesमा Unicode is available here.
* [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html The secret life of Unicode] "A peek at Unicode's soft underbelly" Describes problems requiring resolution. Includes links to Unicode resources.
* Tim Bray's [http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/26/UTF Characters vs Bytes] explains how the different encodings work.
* [http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode र Character Sets (No Excuses!)] by [[Joel Spolsky]]
* [http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ Alan Wood's Unicode Resources] Contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; characters are grouped by type; characters are presentedमा lists, not grids.
* [[Font]]s र tools:
** [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html Unicode fonts र tools] for the [[X Window System]]
** Unicode TTF fonts: [[Arial Unicode MS]], [[Code2000]]: [http://home.att.net/~jameskass/ license info र download link], [[Junicode]]: [http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/junicode/junicode.html license info र download link], [[Titus Cyberbit Basic]]: [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/unicode/unitest2.htm license info] & [http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/tituut.asp download link]
** [http://earthlingsoft.net/UnicodeChecker/ UnicodeChecker], a Unicode character browser for [[Mac OS X]]
* [[Software engineering]]:
** [http://www.icu-project.org/ International Components for Unicode (ICU)] An open source set of libraries that provide robust र full-featured Unicode services for your applications on a wide variety of platforms.
** [http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode र Character Sets (No Excuses!)] by [[Joel Spolsky]] of JoelonSoftware.com
** [http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software_2futf_2d8 Freedesktop.Org’s Project UTF-8]’s purpose is to document र promote proper Unicode supportमा free र Open Source software.
* Seeing [http://www.ianalbert.com/misc/unichart.php the entirety of Unicode printed out] as a single large poster gives a good feel for the size of the code.
 
{{SpecialChars}}
 
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