"रोगविज्ञान" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

'''Pathology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[pathos]]'', feeling, pain, suffering; andर ''[[logos]]'', study of; see also [[-ology]]) is the study of the processes underlying [[disease]] andर other forms of [[illness]], harmful [[abnormality]], or [[dysfunction]]. Within [[biology]] but also a branch of [[medicine]], it means specifically the study andर diagnosis of the structural andर functional changes in cells, tissues andर organs that underlie [[disease]]. Pathology as a field of knowledge hence forms the basis of the scientific reasoning behind the practice of medicine.

* [[Morphology (biology)|Morphologic changes]]: the structural changes induced in the cells, tissues andर organs

Because the public rarely meets pathologists, their work is not well understood. Pathology is a large andर diverse field that allows a pathologist to participate in multiple areas of the field or focus their scope to a specific area. Essential to everyday surgeries, pathologists are responsible for processing andर reporting on all specimens generated during surgery. Tissue samples are taken from the submitted specimens, stained, andर processed for microscopic evaluation. Microscopic examination searches for disease of any type andर this information is returned to the surgeon via a pathology report. Pathologists are also responsible for laboratory specimens. They, along with medical [[technologists]], process specimens at medical [[laboratories]] for interpretations. In other words, when a doctor refers to a "laboratory result", they are not referring to a number generated by a black box; instead, it is the interpretation of a value by a pathologist or a technologist. It is also important to understand that a different laboratory might produce a different value on the same specimen. Pathologists are also called upon to perform [[autopsies]]. Autopsies represent less than 5% of the workload of a typical modern pathologist. There exists a subspecialty in pathology that allows for the training of medical examiners who wish to pursue forensics.

Pathologists usually do not see patients, but do on occasion such as when performing bone marrow biopsies andर aspirates or fine needle aspirations of superficial nodules. Thus, it is best considered a form of diagnostic medicine. In addition to the diagnosis of disease, including cancer, andर the administration of medical laboratories, pathologists often participate in the teaching of medical students (Pathology is a core course in the medical curriculum). Pathologists express their opinion as a pathology report addressed to the doctor requesting it. Since pathologists most often communicate with other doctors, they are sometimes nicknamed "the doctor's doctor". Pathology is often considered the most scientific branch of [[medicine]] because of the available avenues of research involving human material. Finally, the circulation of laboratory data is a central issue in [[medical informatics]] andर the current tendency towards [[computer file|electronic]] medical records.

The techniques used most often in the study of the disease process andर hence diagnosis are:

* [[Clinical chemistry]]: the gathering, detection, andर reporting of an incredible array of chemical measures found by the analysis of collected body samples.

* [[Immunology]]: the use of specific immune markers andर antibodies to aid in the diagnosis of disease.

* [[Molecular Biology]] techniques, like [[PCR]] andर [[Fluorescent in situ hybridization|FISH]] are increasingly useful to diagnose diseases, especially microbiological andर cancer diagnosis.

In the United States, pathologists are medical doctors (MD) or doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO), that have completed a four year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, andर four to five years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology residency. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology:

* [[Anatomical pathology|Anatomic Pathology]], the science of diagnosing diseases based on the appearance, both [[gross]] andर [[histopathology|microscopic]] appearance of tissues.

Most pathologists seek a broad based training in both fields andर thus require four years of postgraduate training known as residency. Finally, a board certification examination is required. Boarding requirements are set by the [http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx American Board of Pathology]. Pathologists, like all other medical doctors, are also required to meet continuing medical education requirements.

The [http://www.abomp.org/ American Board] of [[Oral andर maxillofacial pathology]] certifies [[dentistry]] doctors, not medical doctors, to practice this sub-specialty of Pathology.

* [[Epidemiology]]: the science of associating diseases with risk factors, regardless of known pathological relationships. An epidemiological association is often the first step in establishing an etiological (causal) relationship between a risk factor andर a disease.

''Pathological'' is also used in mathematics, physics, andर statistics to describe an exceptionally (or awkwardly, or inconveniently) atypical example or set of data, often one which does not abide by rules or succumb to treatment that other similar cases usually do:

*[http://www.histochem.net/ Immunohistochemistry protocols andर troubleshooting]

*[http://www.uscap.org/ United States andर Canadian Academy of Pathology]