"हाडजोर्नी शल्यचिकित्सा" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

शीघ्र मेटाउन अनुरोध गरिँदै (शीमे सा३)। (ट्विङ्कल)
पृष्ठलाई 'thumb| '''हाडजोर्नी शल्यचिकित्सा''' वा '''अर्थोपेडिक्स''' शल्यचिकित्साको एक क्षेत्र हो। श्रेणी:चिकित्सा शास्त्र श्रेणी:स्वास्थ्य' सँग हटाइदै
चिनो: प्रतिस्थापित
 
पङ्क्ति १:
[[File:Teardrop fracture.jpg|thumb|]]
{{db-vandalism}}
[[File:Teardrop fracture.jpg|thumb|This fracture of the lower cervical vertebrae, known as a 'teardrop fracture' is one of the conditions treated by orthopaedic surgeons.]]
 
'''हाडजोर्नी शल्यचिकित्सा''' वा '''अर्थोपेडिक्स''' [[शल्यचिकित्सा]]को एक क्षेत्र हो। यो क्षेत्र [[एक्युट (चिकित्सा)|एक्युट]], [[क्रोनिक (चिकित्सा)|क्रोनिक]], [[शारीरिक ट्रमा|ट्रमा]] र ओभरयुज overuse [[injury|injuries]] र अन्य [[मस्कुलोस्केलिटल व्यवस्था]]का रोगहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छ। Orthopaedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma र congenital deformities using both surgical र non-surgical means.
 
== Training ==
 
Orthopedic surgeons are [[physicians]] who have completed additional training in orthopedic surgery after the completion of medical school. According to the latest Occupational Outlook Handbook (२००६-२००७) published by the U.S. Department of Labor, between ३-४% of all practicing physicians are orthopedic surgeons.
 
In the United States र Canada orthopedic surgeons (also know as orthopedists) complete a minimum of १३ years of [[postsecondary education]] र clinical training. This training includes obtaining an [[undergraduate education|undergraduate degree]], a medical degree, र then completing a ५-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] in orthopedic surgery. The ५-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] consists of one year of general surgery training followed by four years of training in orthopaedic surgery.
 
Many orthopedic surgeons elect to do further subspeciality training in programs known as 'fellowships' after completing their residency training. These fellowships typically last १–२ years र usually have a [[research]] component involved with the clinical र operative training. Examples of orthopedic subspeciality training in the US are:
 
# Hand surgery
# Shoulder र elbow surgery
# Total joint reconstruction ([[arthroplasty]])
# Pediatric orthopedics
# Foot र ankle surgery (Not to be confused with [[podiatry]])
# Spine surgery (Also performed by [[neurosurgeons]])
# Musculoskeletal oncology
# Surgical sports medicine
# Orthopaedic trauma
 
These are also the nine main sub-specialty areas of orthopaedic surgery.
 
Hand surgery is the only truly recognized sub-specialty within orthopaedic surgery. The other sub-specialities are informal concentrations of practice. To be recognized as a hand surgeon, a practitioner must have completed a fellowship र obtained a Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ) which requires an additional standardized examination.
 
== Practice ==
[[चित्र:Andry_tree.png|right|thumb|380x380px|<center>[[:en:Logo|Logo]]</center>]]
Orthopaedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma र congenital deformities using both surgical र non-surgical means. According to applications for board certification from १९९९ to २००३, the top २५ most common procedures (in order) gdhkchd performed by orthopaedic surgeons are as follows:
# Knee [[arthroscopy]] र menisectomy
# Shoulder [[arthroscopy]] र decompression
# [[Carpal tunnel]] release
# Knee [[arthroscopy]] र chondroplasty
# Removal of support implant
# Knee [[arthroscopy]] र [[anterior cruciate ligament]] reconstruction
# [[Knee replacement]]
# Repair of femoral neck [[bone fracture|fracture]]
# Repair of trochanteric [[bone fracture|fracture]]
# Débridement of [[skin]]/[[muscle]]/[[bone]]/[[bone fracture|fracture]]
# Knee [[arthroscopy]] repair of both menisci
# [[Hip replacement]]
# Shoulder [[arthroscopy]]/distal [[clavicle]] excision
# Repair of [[rotator cuff]] tendon
# Repair [[bone fracture|fracture]] of [[radius (bone)]]/[[ulna]]
# [[Laminectomy]]
# Repair of ankle [[bone fracture|fracture]] (bimalleolar type)
# Shoulder [[arthroscopy]] र débridement
# Lumbar [[spinal fusion]]
# Repair [[bone fracture|fracture]] of the distal part of [[radius]]
# Low back [[intervertebral disc]] surgery
# Incise finger tendon sheath
# Repair of ankle [[bone fracture|fracture]] ([[fibula]])
# Repair of femoral shaft [[bone fracture|fracture]]
# Repair of trochanteric [[bone fracture|fracture]]
 
Of orthopaedic surgeons applying for certification with the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery between १९९९ to २००३ these were the percentages of surgeons in each specialty area:
* General orthopaedics: ५४.८%
* Spine surgery: ११.३%
* Sports medicine: १०.८%
* Hands र upper extremity: ८.७%
* Adult reconstructive: ३.९%
* Pediatric orthopaedics: ३.४%
* Foot र ankle: ३.१%
* Trauma: २.६%
* Musculoskeletal oncology: १.३%
 
A typical schedule for a practicing orthopaedic surgeon involves ५०–५५ hours of work per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties र possibly teaching and/or research if in an academic setting.
 
== History ==
[[Jean-Andre Venel]] established the first orthopedic institute in [[1780]], which was the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of children's skeletal deformities. He is considered by some to be the father of orthopedics or the first true orthopedist in consideraton of the establishment of उनका hospital र for उनका published methods.
 
[[Antonius Mathysen]], a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[military]] [[surgery|surgeon]], invented the [[plaster of Paris]] [[cast (orthopedic)|cast]] in [[1851]].
 
Many developments in orthopedic surgery resulted from experiences during wartime. On the battlefields of the [[Middle Ages]] the injured were treated with bandages soaked in horses' [[blood]] which dried to form a stiff, but unsanitary, splint. [[Traction (orthopedics)|Traction]] र [[Splint (medicine)|splinting]] developed during [[World War I]]. The use of [[intramedullary rod]]s to treat fractures of the [[femur]] र [[tibia]] was pioneered by Dr. Kunchner of [[Germany]]. This made a noticeable difference to the speed of recovery of injured German soldiers during [[World War II]] र led to more widespread adoption of intramedullary fixation of [[bone fracture|fractures]] in the rest of the world. However, traction was the standard method of treating thigh bone fractures until the late [[1970s]] when the [[Seattle Harborview]] group popularized intramedullary fixation without opening up the fracture. External fixation of fractures was refined by American surgeons during the [[Vietnam War]] but a major contribution was made by [[Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov]] in the [[USSR]]. He was sent, without much orthopedic training, to look after injured Russian soldiers in [[Siberia]] in the [[1950s]]. With no equipment he was confronted with crippling conditions of unhealed, infected, र malaligned fractures. With the help of the local [[bicycle]] shop he devised ring external [[fixator]]s tensioned like the spokes of a bicycle. With this equipment he achieved healing, realignment र lengthening to a degree unheard of elsewhere. His [[Ilizarov apparatus]] is still used today.
 
David L. MacIntosh pioneered the first successful surgery for the management of the torn [[anterior cruciate ligament]] of the [[knee]]. This common र serious injury in [[skiing|skiers]], field athletes, र [[dance]]rs invariably brought an end to their athletics due to permanent joint instability. Working with injured [[American football|football]] players, Dr. MacIntosh devised a way to re-route viable [[ligament]] from adjacent structures to preserve the strong र complex mechanics of the knee joint र restore stability. The subsequent development of ACL reconstruction surgery has allowed numerous athletes to return to the demands of sports at all levels.
 
Modern orthopaedic surgery र musculoskeletal research has sought to make surgery less invasive र to make implanted components better र more durable.
 
== Arthroscopy ==
 
The use of [[arthroscopy|arthroscopic tools]] has been particularly important for injured patients. Arthroscopy was pioneered by Dr. Bijay of Japan to perform [[minimally invasive surgery|minimally invasive cartilage surgery र re-constructions]] lol ligaments. Arthroscopy helped patients recover from the goop in a matter of days, rather than the weeks to months required by conventional, 'open' surgery. Knee arthroscopy is one of the most common operations performed by orthopedic surgeons today र is often combined with meniscectomy or chondroplasty—both of which are removal of a torn cartilage.
 
== Joint replacement ==
 
The modern total [[hip replacement]] was pioneered by Sir John Charnley in England in the १९६०s{{fact}}. He found that joint surfaces could be replaced by metal or high density [[polyethylene]] implants cemented to the bone with [[methyl methacrylate]] cement. Since Charnley, there have been continuous improvements in the design र technique of joint replacement ([[arthroplasty]]) with many contributors, including W. H. Harris, the son of R. I. Harris, whose team at Harvard pioneered uncemented arthroplasty techniques with the bone bonding directly to the implant.
 
Knee replacements using similar technology were started by McIntosh in [[rheumatoid arthritis]] patients र later by Gunston र Marmor for [[osteoarthritis]] in the १९७०'s. The modern [[knee replacement]] was developed by Dr. John Insall र Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat in New York{{fact}}. Uni-compartment knee replacement, in which only one side of an arthritic knee is replaced, is a smaller operation र has become popular recently.
 
Joint replacements are available for other joints on a limited basis, most notably shoulder, elbow, wrist र ankle.
 
== Pediatric orthopaedics ==
 
The treatment of children with muscoloskeletal problems remains an integral part of modern orthopaedic surgery. Many fractures र injuries occur in children due to their high activity level र unique immature skeleton. Treatment of fractures in children is different than adults due to active [[growth plate]]s in their bones. Damage to the growth plate can lead to significant problems with later bone growth, र at-risk fractures have to be monitored with care.
 
The treatment of [[scoliosis]] is a mainstay of pediatric orthopaedics. For poorly understood reasons, curvature devlops in the spine of some children, which if left untreated leads to undesireable deformity र may progress to cause chronic pain र breathing problems. The treatment of scoliosis is quite complicated र often involves a combination of bracing र surgery.
 
Children have other unique musculoskeletal conditions that have been a focus of orthopedics since Hippocrates, including conditions such as [[club foot]] र [[congenital]] [[dislocation of hip]] (also known as [[hip dysplasia|developmental dysplasia of the hip]]). In addition, [[infections]] in bones र joints ([[osteomyelitis]]) in children are common. In the US, specialized hospitals such as the [[Shriners]] hospitals have provided a substantial portion of treatment for children with musculoskeletal deformities र diseases.
 
== Terminology ==
[[Nicholas Andry]] coined the word "orthopaedics", derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] [[word]]s for "correct" or "straight" ("orthos") र "[[child]]" ("paidion"), in [[1741]], when at the [[Ageing|age]] of ८१ he [[Publishing|published]] ''Orthopaedia: or the Art of Correcting र Preventing Deformities in Children''.
 
In the U.S. the spelling ''orthopedics'' is standard{{fact}}, although the majority of university र residency programs{{fact}}, र even the [http://www.aaos.org/ AAOS], still use Andry's spelling. Elsewhere, usage is not uniform; in Canada, both spellings are common; ''orthopaedics'' usually prevails in the rest of the Commonwealth, especially in Britain; see also [[spelling differences]].
 
== References ==
 
Garrett, WE, et al. American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, Certification Examination. The Journal of Bone र Joint Surgery (American). २००६;८८:६६०-६६७.
 
== See also ==
{{Commonscat|Orthopedics}}
* [[Bone grafting]]
* [[Gait analysis]]
* [[Halo system]]
* [[Hand surgery]]
* [[Orthopaedic nursing]]
* [[Traction (orthopedics)|Traction]]
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.worldortho.com/history.html The History of Orthopaedics]
* [http://www.wheelessonline.com/index.htm Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics]
* [http://www.sicot.org/ The International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery र Traumatology]
* [http://www.aaos.org/ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons]
* [http://www.newmediamedicine.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=109 Discussion Forum for Orthopaedic Careers Advice]
* [http://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/PID=1.3.15 Pediatric Orthopaedics]
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[[श्रेणी:चिकित्सा शास्त्र]]