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"स्नायुविज्ञान" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

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दृश्यात्मकविकिपाठ
शीघ्र मेटाउन अनुरोध गरिँदै (शीमे सा२)। (ट्विङ्कल)
सुधार गरियो
पङ्क्ति १:
{{Infobox medical specialty
{{db-test}}
| title = स्नायुविज्ञान
{{eng}}
| subdivisions =
| image = [[File:PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg|225px]]
| caption = हिप्पोक्याम्पसमा न्यूरोनबाट डेन्ड्राइट्सको एउटा नेटवर्क
| system = [[स्नायु प्रणाली]]
| diseases = [[Neuropathy]], [[dementia]], [[stroke]], [[encephalopathy]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[epilepsy]], [[meningitis]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[migraine]], [[attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]
| tests = [[Computed axial tomography]], [[MRI scan]], [[lumbar puncture]], [[electroencephalography]]
| specialist = न्यूरोलोजिस्ट
| glossary = [[चिकित्सा शब्दावली]]
}}
 
'''स्नायुविज्ञान''' स्नायु प्रणालीाका विकारहरूसँग सम्बन्धित चिकित्सा विज्ञानको एक अंश हो।
'''Neurology''' is a branch of [[medicine]] dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Physicians specializing in the field of neurology are called '''neurologists''' र are trained to diagnose, treat, र manage patients with neurological disorders. Most neurologists are trained to treat र diagnose adults. Pediatric neurologists, nearly always a subspecialty of [[pediatrics]], treat neurological disease in children. Neurologists are also involved in [[clinical research]], [[clinical trials]], as well as [[basic research]] र [[translational research]].
 
==बाह्य कडीहरू==
== Field of work ==
'''Neurological disorders''' are disorders that affect the [[central nervous system]] ([[brain]], [[brainstem]] र [[cerebellum]]), the [[peripheral nervous system]] ([[peripheral nerve]]s - [[cranial nerve]]s included), or the [[autonomic nervous system]] (parts of which are located in both central र peripheral nervous system). Neurologists also diagnose र treat some conditions in the [[musculoskeletal]] system.
 
Major conditions include:
* [[headache|headache disorders]] such as [[migraine]], [[cluster headache]] र [[tension headache]]
* [[epilepsy]] र [[seizure]] disorders
* [[neurodegenerative disorder]]s, including [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Lou Gehrig's disease]] र [[ataxia]].
* cerebrovascular disease, such as [[transient ischemic attack]]s, र [[stroke]]s ([[stroke|ischemic]] or [[stroke|hemorrhagic]])
* [[sleep disorder]]s
* [[cerebral palsy]]
* [[infection]]s of the central nervous system ([[encephalitis]]), brain envelopes ([[meningitis]]) र peripheral nerves ([[neuritis]]), such as [[brain abscess]], [[herpes|herpetic meningoencephalitis]], [[aspergillus|aspergilloma]], cerebral [[echinococcus|hydatic cyst]]
* some [[infections]] of the peripheral nervous system, such as [[tetanus]] र [[botulism]]
* [[neoplasm]]s - [[tumor]]s of the [[brain]] र its envelopes ([[brain tumor]]s), [[spinal cord]] [[tumor]]s, [[tumor]]s of the peripheral [[nerves]] ([[neuroma]])
* [[movement disorder]]s such as [[Parkinson's disease]], [[chorea (disease)|chorea]], [[hemiballismus]], [[tic disorder]], र Gilles de la [[Tourette syndrome]]
* [[demyelinating disease]]s of the central nervous system, such as [[multiple sclerosis]], र of the [[peripheral nervous system]], such as [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]] र [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]] (CIDP)
* [[spinal cord]] disorders - [[tumor]]s, [[infection]]s, [[Physical trauma|trauma]], malformations (e.g., myelocele, meningomyelocele, tethered cord)
* disorders of peripheral [[nerve]]s, [[muscle]] ([[myopathy]]) र [[neuromuscular junction]]s
* traumatic injuries to the [[brain]], [[spinal cord]] र peripheral [[nerve]]s
* altered mental status, [[encephalopathy]], stupor र [[coma]]
* Speech र language disorders
 
== Clinical tasks ==
=== General caseload ===
Neurologists are responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, र management of all the above conditions. When surgical intervention is required, the neurologist may refer the patient to a [[neurosurgeon]], an interventional neuroradiologist, or a neurointerventionalist. In some countries, additional legal responsibilities of a neurologist may include making a finding of [[brain death]] when it is suspected that a [[patient]] is [[deceased]]. Neurologists frequently care for people with hereditary ([[gene]]tic) diseases when the major manifestations are neurological, as is frequently the case. [[Lumbar puncture]]s are frequently performed by [[neurologists]]. Other neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as movement disorders, [[headache]]s, [[epilepsy]], sleep disorders, [[multiple sclerosis]] or neuromuscular diseases.
 
The core neurological diseases that are the primary domain of neurologists are:
* demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.
* the epilepsies
* headache र migraine
* movement disorders
* polyneuropathies
* spinal cord disorders
* genetic diseases with a primarily neurologic manifestation
 
=== Overlapping areas ===
There is some overlap with other specialties, varying from country to country र even within a local geographic area. Most stroke patients are seen only by specialists in [[internal medicine]]. Whether stroke patients should be seen primarily by neurologists is contested. Acute [[head injury|head trauma]] is most often treated by [[neurosurgeon]]s, whereas [[sequela]] of head trauma may be treated by neurologists or [[Physical medicine र rehabilitation|specialists in rehabilitation medicine]]. Some cases of nervous system [[infectious disease]]s are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of [[headache]] are diagnosed र treated primarily by [[general practitioner]]s, at least the less severe cases. Similarly, most cases of [[sciatica]] र other mechanical radiculopathies are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or a surgeon (neurosurgeons or [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeons]]). [[Sleep disorders]] are also treated by [[Pulmonology|pulmonologists]]. [[Cerebral palsy]] is initially treated by [[Pediatrics|pediatricians]], but care may be transferred to an adult neurologist after the patient reaches a certain age.
 
=== Relationship to clinical neurophysiology ===
In some countries, e.g. USA र Germany, neurologists may specialize in [[clinical neurophysiology]], the field responsible for [[electroencephalography|EEG]], [[nerve conduction study|nerve conduction studies]], [[electromyography|EMG]] र [[evoked potentials]]. In other countries, this is an autonomous specialty (e.g. United Kingdom, Sweden).
 
=== Overlap with psychiatry ===
Although many [[mental illness]]es are believed to be neurological disorders affecting the [[central nervous system]], traditionally they are classified separately, र treated by [[psychiatrists]]. In a २००२ review article in the [[American Journal of Psychiatry]], Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of [[Harvard Medical School]] र a neurologist by training, wrote that 'the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain र mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway.' (Martin JB. The integration of neurology, psychiatry र neuroscience in the २१st century. Am J Psychiatry २००२; १५९:६९५-७०४)
 
There are strong indications that neuro-chemical mechanisms play an important role in the development of, for instance, [[bipolar disorder]] र [[schizophrenia]]. As well, 'neurological' diseases often have 'psychiatric' manifestations, such as post-[[stroke]] [[clinical depression|depression]], depression र [[dementia]] associated with [[Parkinson's disease]], mood र cognitive dysfunctions in [[Alzheimer's disease]], to name a few. Hence, there is no sharp distinction between [[neurology]] र [[psychiatry]] on a biological basis - this distinction has mainly practical reasons र strong historical roots (such as the dominance of [[Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic theory]] in psychiatric thinking in the first three quarters of the २०th century - which has since then been largely replaced by the focus on [[neurosciences]] - aided by the tremendous advances in [[genetics]] र [[neuroimaging]] recently.)
 
== See also ==
* [[History of neurology]]
* [[List of neurological disorders]]
* [[List of neurologists]]
* [[Clinical neurophysiology]]
* [[Neuropsychiatry]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Neuroendocrinology]]
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.aan.com American Academy of Neurology]
* [http://www.ninds.nih.gov National Institute of Neurological Disorders र Stroke (NINDS)]
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[[श्रेणी:Neurologyविज्ञान]]
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