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"रोगविज्ञान" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

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शीघ्र मेटाउन अनुरोध गरिँदै (शीमे सा२)। (ट्विङ्कल)
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{{Infobox medical specialty
{{db-test}}
| title = रोगविज्ञान
{{Eng}}
| image = [[File:Pathologists looking into microscopes (1).jpg|275px]]
'''Pathology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[pathos]]'', feeling, pain, suffering; र ''[[logos]]'', study of; see also [[-ology]]) is the study of the processes underlying [[रोग|disease]] र other forms of [[illness]], harmful [[abnormality]], or [[dysfunction]]. Within [[biology]] but also a branch of [[medicine]], it means specifically the study र diagnosis of the structural र functional changes in cells, tissues र organs that underlie [[रोग|disease]]. Pathology as a field of knowledge hence forms the basis of the scientific reasoning behind the practice of medicine.
| caption = रोग विशेषज्ञ तथा एक सर्जन क्यान्सर कोशिकाहरूको प्रमाणको लागि जाँच गर्दै।
| focus = [[रोग]]
| subdivisions = [[Anatomical pathology]], [[clinical pathology]], [[dermatopathology]], [[forensic pathology]], [[hematopathology]], [[histopathology]], [[molecular pathology]], [[surgical pathology]]
| diseases = All [[infectious disease|infectious]] and [[organic disease|organic]] [[diseases]] and physiological disorders
| tests = All medical diagnostic tests, particular [[biopsy]], [[blood analysis]], [[dissection]], and other applications of medical [[microscopy]]
| specialist = रोग विशेषज्ञ
| glossary = [[चिकित्सा शब्दावली]]
}}
 
'''रोगविज्ञान''' रोग वा चोटको कारण तथा प्रभावहरूको अध्ययन गर्ने शास्त्र हो।
== Scope of pathology ==
The primary goal of pathology is the study of the four main aspects of a disease:
* [[Etiology]]: what causes the disease
* [[Pathogenesis]]: the mechanism by which a certain etiological factor causes disease
* [[Morphology (biology)|Morphologic changes]]: the structural changes induced in the cells, tissues र organs
* [[Clinical significance]]: the functional consequences of the morphologic changes
 
==बाह्य कडीहरू==
== Pathologists' work ==
Because the public rarely meets pathologists, their work is not well understood. Pathology is a large र diverse field that allows a pathologist to participate in multiple areas of the field or focus their scope to a specific area. Essential to everyday surgeries, pathologists are responsible for processing र reporting on all specimens generated during surgery. Tissue samples are taken from the submitted specimens, stained, र processed for microscopic evaluation. Microscopic examination searches for disease of any type र this information is returned to the surgeon via a pathology report. Pathologists are also responsible for laboratory specimens. They, along with medical [[technologists]], process specimens at medical [[laboratories]] for interpretations. In other words, when a doctor refers to a "laboratory result", they are not referring to a number generated by a black box; instead, it is the interpretation of a value by a pathologist or a technologist. It is also important to understand that a different laboratory might produce a different value on the same specimen. Pathologists are also called upon to perform [[autopsies]]. Autopsies represent less than ५% of the workload of a typical modern pathologist. There exists a subspecialty in pathology that allows for the training of medical examiners who wish to pursue forensics.
 
Pathologists usually do not see patients, but do on occasion such as when performing bone marrow biopsies र aspirates or fine needle aspirations of superficial nodules. Thus, it is best considered a form of diagnostic medicine. In addition to the diagnosis of disease, including cancer, र the administration of medical laboratories, pathologists often participate in the teaching of medical students (Pathology is a core course in the medical curriculum). Pathologists express their opinion as a pathology report addressed to the doctor requesting it. Since pathologists most often communicate with other doctors, they are sometimes nicknamed "the doctor's doctor". Pathology is often considered the most scientific branch of [[medicine]] because of the available avenues of research involving human material. Finally, the circulation of laboratory data is a central issue in [[medical informatics]] र the current tendency towards [[computer file|electronic]] medical records.
 
== Tools of pathology ==
The techniques used most often in the study of the disease process र hence diagnosis are:
* [[Gross]] pathology: the recognition of disease based on macroscopic examination of surgical specimens generated at the time of surgery or at autopsy.
* [[Histology]]: the microscopic study of tissues. [[Histopathology]] is the science of diagnosing diseases on the basis of the histological aspect of the diseased tissues.
* [[Cytology]]: the study of detached cells. [[Cytopathology]] is the science of diagnosing diseases on the basis of the cytological aspects of detached cells. The most common application of this technique is the [[Pap smear]].
* [[Clinical chemistry]]: the gathering, detection, र reporting of an incredible array of chemical measures found by the analysis of collected body samples.
* [[Immunology]]: the use of specific immune markers र antibodies to aid in the diagnosis of disease.
* [[Flow cytometry]]:analysis of a process that allows for the identification of specific cells .
* [[Molecular Biology]] techniques, like [[PCR]] र [[Fluorescent in situ hybridization|FISH]] are increasingly useful to diagnose diseases, especially microbiological र cancer diagnosis.
 
== Branches of pathology ==
=== Medicine ===
In the United States, pathologists are medical doctors (MD) or doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO), that have completed a four year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, र four to five years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology residency. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology:
* [[Anatomical pathology|Anatomic Pathology]], the science of diagnosing diseases based on the appearance, both [[gross]] र [[histopathology|microscopic]] appearance of tissues.
* [[Clinical Pathology]], the science of diagnosing diseases based on the analysis of body fluids like blood, urine, etc.
Most pathologists seek a broad based training in both fields र thus require four years of postgraduate training known as residency. Finally, a board certification examination is required. Boarding requirements are set by the [http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx American Board of Pathology]. Pathologists, like all other medical doctors, are also required to meet continuing medical education requirements.
 
=== Dentistry ===
The [http://www.abomp.org/ American Board] of [[Oral र maxillofacial pathology]] certifies [[dentistry]] doctors, not medical doctors, to practice this sub-specialty of Pathology.
 
=== Other ===
* [[Plant pathology]]
* [[Veterinary Pathology]]
* [[Parasitology]]
 
* [[Speech pathology]] is an unrelated area mostly involved in helping patients with stroke or speech impediments.
* [[Psychopathology]] is also used in [[mental health]], denoting the study of mental illness.
 
== Related sciences ==
* [[Anatomy]], either gross or microscopic ([[histology]])
* [[Nosology]]: the science of classifying, or naming, diseases
* [[Epidemiology]]: the science of associating diseases with risk factors, regardless of known pathological relationships. An epidemiological association is often the first step in establishing an etiological (causal) relationship between a risk factor र a disease.
 
== Other uses of "pathology" ==
''Pathological'' is used to describe a person's actions in such a way as to credit the action to a disease process, e.g. [[pathological purchasing]] or [[pathological consumption]], pathological [[narcissism]], [[lying|pathological liar]], pathological [[gambling]], pathological [[jealousy]]. ''Pathological'' is also used casually, to signify an abnormal state, e.g. a "pathological attitude" or a "pathological woman hater".
 
''Pathological'' is also used in mathematics, physics, र statistics to describe an exceptionally (or awkwardly, or inconveniently) atypical example or set of data, often one which does not abide by rules or succumb to treatment that other similar cases usually do:
* [[Pathological (mathematics)]]
* [[Pathological science]]
 
[[Computer science]] uses this term in a slightly different sense with regard to the study of algorithms. Here, an [[input]] (or set of inputs) is said to be pathological if it causes atypical behavior from the [[algorithm]], such as a violation of its average case complexity, or even its correctness. For example, [[hash table]]s generally have pathological inputs: sets of keys that collide on hash values. The term is often used pejoratively, as a way of dismissing such inputs as being specially designed to break a routine that is otherwise sound in practice.
 
Forensic Engineers often use the term to describe the underlying causes of distress in structures or machinery in order to specify repairs.
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.humpath.com/ humpath.com]
* [http://www.histopathology-india.net histopathology-india.net]
Line ६६ ⟶ २०:
* [http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/oralcav.htm Pathology notes for Med students]
* [http://www.psapath.com/ psapath.com]
 
== See also ==
 
* [[List of publications in biology#Pathology|Important publications in pathology]]
 
{{Medicine}}
 
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{{Commonscat|Pathology}}
 
[[श्रेणी:Pathology| ]]
[[श्रेणी:Medicine]]
[[श्रेणी:Biology]]
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